Agricola of Tacitus

EX LIBRIS

GEORGII WESLEY JOHNSTON

qui quum ex anno a.d. mdccccvi

usque ad annum mdccccxvii

linguae latinae in collegio

Universitatis Doctor aut

Professor Associatus fuisset

mense maio a.d mdccccxvii mortuus est

drjK-qs ayaX/jLar ai iraTOVnevai /3i/3Xoi.

THE AGRICOLA OF TACITUS.

Cl-Sem. /
THE AGRICOLA OF TACITUS

M^

W

A REVISED TEXT, ENGLISH NOTES,
AND MAP.

BY

ALFRED J. CHURCH, M.A.

LIS'COLS COLLEGE, OXFORD,
ONE OF THE ASSISTANT MASTERS IN MERCHANT TAYLORS' SCHOOL, LONDON.

W. J. BRODRIBB, M.A.

LATE FELLOW OF ST JOHS'S COLLEGE, CAHBItlDGH.

NEW EDITION.

Honbon:
MACMILLAN AND CO. ^-^

1881.
[The Eight of Translation is reserved.]

Cambrfogt :

PRINTED BT C. J. CLAY, M.A.

AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

PREFACE

The Treatise on Germany and the Life of Agri-
cola have, perhaps, been edited as frequently
as any of the Latin Classics. They exhibit in
a singularly convenient form the manner and
genius of one of the greatest of ancient histo-
rians; and thus at once possess a great literary
value, and are peculiarly useful as text-books
in our Schools and Universities. About works
which have been so diligently studied we can
hardly expect to say much that is original. "We
have endeavoured, with the aid of recent edi-
tions, thoroughly to elucidate the text, explaining
the various difficulties, critical and grammatical,
which occur to the student. Information which
is now amply supplied by the dictionaries of
biography and geography we have thought it
unnecessary to furnish. "We have consulted

vi PREFACE.

throughout, besides the older commentators, the
editions of Hitter and Orelli, but we are under
special obligations to the labours of the recent
German editors, Wex and Kritz, an obligation
which must not be measured by the extent of
our references to them.

We have followed, but with some important
variations, the text of Orelli. A table is given of
the passages in which we have adopted a different
reading.

We frequently quote from our translation
(published in 1868). It may be as well to ex-
plain that in some instances we have seen reason
to modify the renderings there given.

A. J. C.
W. J. B.

London,

January, 1869.

CONTENTS.

PAGB

Pbeface . . v

List of Editions and Translations consulted . . viii

Notes on the Life and Writings of Tacitus . . ix

Introduction to the Life of Agricola . . . xrii

Table of Passages, in which the text of this edition of

the Agricola differs from that of Orelli . . . xxiii

Map to the Agricola, to face p. 1.

Agricola 1

Notes 35

Index of Proper Naues 97

Index of Words and Phrases 99

List of Editions and Translations of the Agricola and
Germania of Tacitus which have been consulted
by the present Editors. [This list is confined
to works of the present century.]

J. Aikin, 1823. Translation of the Agricola and Germania
with notes. 4th Edition. This is a work designed rather for
general readers than for scholars and students.

C. Roth, 1833. Edition of the Agricola, with learned and
copious German notes, which are however hardly adapted to ordi-
nary students.

P. Frost, 1847. Edition of the Agricola and Germania, with
English notes. It is suitable for the use of schools, but is now
rather out of date.

Dr Latham, 1851. Edition of the Germania, for students of
philoiogy and ethnology. Critical and' grammatical difficulties
are not discussed.

F. C. Wex, 1852. Edition of the Agricola, with a tho-
roughly revised text, Prolegomena, in which every difficult and
corrupt passage is fully discussed, and Latin notes. This is the
most valuable of all recent editions of the Agricola, and is the
result of most laborious research.

F. C. Wex, 1852. Edition of the Agricola for the use of
Schools, without the Prolegomena and with the notes of the
larger edition translated into German.

M. Haupt, 1855. Edition of the Germania, with a new and
carefully revised text, for the use of Schools.

W. Smith, 1855. Edition of the Agricola and Germania,
with English notes, which are chiefly taken from Ruperti and
Passow, and with Boetticher's essay on the style of Tacitus.

A. J. Henrichsen, 1855. German translation of the Agricola
only partially complete.

W. S. Tyler, 1857. Edition of the Agricola and Germania,
with English notes, drawn from the best commentators, and
with a life of Tacitus. Published at New York. This is a use-
ful edition, but the notes are rather too diffuse.

Kritz, 1859. Edition of the Agricola, mainly based upon
Wex, with Latin notes.

Kritz, i860. Edition of the Germania, mainly based upon
Haupt, with Latin notes.

[Both these editions we have found very useful.]

K. A. Low, 1862. German translation of the Germania, with
the Latin text, and notes.

N. Mosler, 1862. German translation of the Germania, with
the Latin text, and notes.

G. and F. Thudichum, 1862. German translation of the Ger-
mania, with the Latin text, and notes.

NOTES ON THE LIFE AND WKITINGS
OF TACITUS.

Little or nothing is known of the life of Tacitus
except what he tells us himself, or what we may
gather from the Epistles of his friend, the younger
Pliny. His praenomen is a matter of doubt. It is
commonly written Caius (on the authority of Sidonius
Apollinaris), but it is given as Publius in the best
MS. of the Annals. The name Cornelius suggests a
possible connection with the great patrician Gens
which was thus designated. But there was also a
plebeian house of the same name, and it must be
remembered that in the time of the Empire the
nomina gentilia had become widely diffused. With
regard to his parentage we have at least a probable
conjecture to guide us. The elder Pliny was, he tells
us {Nat, Hi*t. vii. 17), acquainted with one Cornelius
Tacitus, who was then a Procurator in Belgic GauL
and who had a son. It has been supposed that this
Tacitus was the historian's father. The similarity of
name, the coincidence of dates, and the probability
that at some time of his life our author was familiar
with the neighbourhood of North-Eastern Gaul, in-
cline us to accept the conjecture, which is further
supported by the fact that the circumstances of his
career seem to imply an origin which was respectable
rather than dignified. A Procurator was generally
a person of Equestrian rank. About the date of his
birth nothing can be certainly affirmed. It is indeed
approximately fixed by several expressions used by
the younger Pliny. That writer says (Epist. vn. 20)
that Tacitus and himself were "nearly equal in age

b

x NOTES ON THE LIFE AND

find rank (aetate et dignitate propemodum aequales)"
The question is how far aequales must be considered
to be modified by propemodum. We think the word
should be taken to imply a considerable difference.
Pliny himself says, " When I was a very young man
(adolescentulus) and you were at the height of your
fame and reputation, I earnestly desired to imitate
you." Adolescentulus is a very vague term, but Pliny
may be taken to define this application of it to himself
when he tells us (Epist. v. 8) that he was in his nine-
teenth year when he began to speak in the Porum.
He was, as he tells us himself (Epist. vi. 20), in his
eighteenth year when the famous eruption of Vesuvius
took place (a. d. 79), and he must therefore have been
born a.d. 61 or 62. We are inclined to put the
date of the birth of Tacitus at least ten years earlier.
In this conclusion we are supported by the passage
which we find in the third chapter of the Life of
Agricola. There he speaks of those who had survived
the evil days of Domitian as coming under two
classes, the young men who had become old, the old
'who had advanced to the very verge and end of
existence.' He must have included himself in the
former class. The Agricola was published before the
death of Nerva but after the adoption of Trajan, i.e.
in the latter part of the year 97. It may surprise us
that Tacitus could have spoken of himself as being
then an old man. But the term senior was technically
applied at Rome (Aul. Gellius, x. 28, quoting Tubero)
to those who had passed their forty-fifth year. And
C. Cotta (in a speech to the people preserved to us in
one of the fragments of Sallust) speaks of himself, he
being then forty-eight, as an old man. If Tacitus
was fifty in A.D. 97, he must have been born A. d. 47;

WRITINGS OF TACITUS. xi

if an interval of fifteen years is thought too much
to be borne out by Pliny's propemodum (occurring,
it must be remembered, in a complimentary letter,
and from its very employment implying no incon-
siderable difference), we must not anyhow fix a later
date than a. d. 51 or 52.

The town of Interamna (now Terni) in TJmbria
has been named as the birthplace of Tacitus. There
is no direct proof of the assertion, but it is known
that this town was in the third century the seat of
the family of the Emperor Tacitus. This prince, who
occupied the throne for a few months after the death
of Aurelian a.d. 275, was accustomed to claim descent
from the historian, and honoured his memory by di-
recting that ten copies of his works should be annually
transcribed and placed in the public libraries. .

If our conjecture as to the date of his birth be
correct, Tacitus must have attained the period of
youth in the great year (G9) which witnessed the fall
of three Emperors. His descriptions of some of the
scenes of that time, among which we may specify the
entry of the Flavianist troops into Rome (Hist. in. 83),
look like the work of an eye-witness.

It has been suggested that Tacitus made the
acquaintance of Agricola at some time in the three
years (a.d. 74 — 77) during which that officer held the
government of Aquitania. There is, it has been
thought, a particularity about his description of
Agricola's administration which indicates the intimate
acquaintance of one who either held some official
position, or was otherwise closely connected with it.
This position may possibly have included something
of the intimate relation in which Agricola himself
at the opening of his career had stood to «Suetonius

62

aii NOTES ON THE LIFE AND

Paulinus (Agr. 5). However this may be, it is cer-
tain that at or before this time an intimate acquaint-
ance had been formed between the two men. In
A.D. 77 Agricola returned to Rome to fulfil the duties
of the Consulship. During his year of office he
betrothed his daughter (born A.D. 65) to his young
friend. Juveni inihi, says Tacitus, fiham despondit.
Juvenis, like other Latin terms denoting age, is
elastic in its signification, but it is particularly appli-
cable to one who was between his twenty-fifth and
thirtieth year. The marriage was celebrated in the
following year, the same in which Agricola assumed
his command in Britain.

The illustrious alliance thus formed was probably
the means of introducing Tacitus to a career of public
distinction. His elevation, he says (Hist. i. 1) was
" begun by Yespasian, augmented by Titus, and still
further advanced by Domitian." What offices he may
have held under the first and second of these princes,
it is impossible to determine. Agricola himself was
Quaestor and Tribune of the People before he reached
the Praetorship. But the Quaestors were employed in
the Provinces. If we suppose Tacitus to have re-
mained at Home we may conjecture that he filled
the office of Aedile, and as Yespasian, his first patron
died June 23, A.D. 79, that he was appointed to it
early in that year. His next office was probably that
of Tribune of the People, which, as Titus died Sept. 13,
A. D. 81, he must have held either A. D. 80 or in the
following year. We know from his own testimony
(Ann. xi. 11) that he was Praetor A. D. 88, in which
year Domitian celebrated the Ludi Saeculares. In 89
or 90 he left Borne with his wife, and did not return
till after the death of Agricola, which took place

WRITINGS OF TACITUS. xiii

August 23, a.d. 93. (See Agr. ch. 45). It is certain,
however, that he was in Rome during the last period of
Domitian's reign. The language in which at the close
of the Agricola he describes the horrors of that time is
full of the bitterness, and even of the self-reproach of
one who had been compelled to witness and to sanction
by his presence the cruelties of the tyrant.

Domitian was assassinated Sept. 18, a.d. 95. Two
years afterwards Tacitus was advanced to the dignity
of the Consulship. Yerginius Rufus had died in his
year of office, and Tacitus was appointed to succeed
him. He also delivered a funeral oration on his pre-
decessor. " Hie supremus," says Pliny of Rufus
(Epist. II. 1), " felicitati ejus cumulus accessit, laudator
eloquentissimus."

In a.d. 100 he was appointed together with Pliny,
who was then Consul elect, to conduct the impeach-
ment preferred by the Province of Africa against their
late Proconsul, Marcus Priscus. Pliny, who relates
the trial at length (Epist. n. 11), describes his oratory
by the epithet crefj-vm. Here the public life of Tacitus
terminated. We hear indeed in one of Pliny's letters
(vi. 9) of his interesting himself in the candidature of
one Julius Naso for some public office. We may ga-
ther from the letter that he was not then living at
Rome, and, perhaps, as he was not aware that Naso
had started under the auspices of Pliny, that he knew
but little of what was going on in the capital.

The date of his death is not known, but that he at
least lived down to the end of Trajan's reign, we may
infer from Ann. n. 61, where he says that the Roman
Empire " Nunc ad rubrum mare patescit," an expres-
sion which must refer to the successes obtained by
Trajan in his Eastern expedition (a.d. 114 — 117).

xiv NOTES ON THE LIFE AND

The Dialogus de Oratore, which we have no hesita-
tion in ascribing to the pen of Tacitus, was probably
an early work. The expression which we find in ch. 17,
"sextam jam felicis hujus principatus stationem qua
Yespasianus rem publicam fovet," may not be intended
to do more than fix the date of the imaginary conver-
sation ; but the passage indicates a more favourable
opinion of the Emperor than he seems to have enter-
tained in after years. (See Hist. u. 84, in. 34, &c.)

The Agricola was published towards the close of
a.d. 97; the Germany in the following year. The
History may with probability be ascribed to some year
between a.d. 103 and 106. Avery interesting letter of
Pliny's (Epist. IX. 27) very probably refers to it. It
was still, we know, in course of preparation when his
Epistles vi. 16, 20 and vn. 33 were written. The first
and second of these describe the famous eruption of
Vesuvius, and were written at the historian's request.
The third relates some particulars as to the prosecution
of Baebius Massa in which Pliny had taken a part
which he was anxious to have recorded. "Auguror,"
he writes, " historias tuas immortales futuras ; quo
magis illis (ingenue fatebor) inseri cupio." The publi-
cation of the Annals must be referred, as has before
been said, to the close of Trajan's reign. Eeference is
made in Ann. XI. 1 1 to the History as an earlier work,
"libris quibus res Domitiani imperatoris composui."
The two contained together thirty books, as we learn
from S. Jerome on Zachariah, ch. xin., and related the
events of about 70 years from the death of Augustus
to the accession of Nerva. It is probable that Tacitus
found it expedient to abandon the intention, an-
nounced in Hist. I. 1, of writing the history of the
reigns of Nerva and Trajan. The records of an extinct

WRITINGS OF TACITUS. xv

dynasty furnished a subject ' less anxious' if not ' more
fertile.' Accordingly we find him {Ann. in. 24) resolved,
if his life should be prolonged, to choose another theme
in a still earlier period, the reign of Augustus.

The letters addressed by the younger Pliny to
Tacitus are the following : i. 6, 20 ; iv. 13 ; vi. 9, 16,
20; vii. 20, 33; vm. 7; ix. 10, 14. Of these the
one numbered ix. 10 has been ascribed, and not with-
out probability, to Tacitus himself. In ix. 23, Pliny
tells an interesting anecdote illustrative of the literary
reputation which Tacitus had attained.

The style of the Ciceronian age aimed at richness
of expression, and smoothly flowing and gracefully
finished periods. It had been brought by Cicero to
perhaps as high a degree of perfection as the Latin
language permitted. The succeeding age proposed to
itself a somewhat different aim. It wanted something
piquant and stimulating.

Hence quite a different set of literary character-
istics. A style sententious and concise, sometimes un-
pleasantly abrupt, with far-fetched, poetical and even
archaic terms and expressions became fashionable.
Scope was thus given to some of the worst extrava-
gances of bad taste, and we find nearly all the writers
of what is called the silver age indulging in pedantries
and affectations which frequently render them harsh
and obscure. A re-action followed in favour of the
earlier or Ciceronian style. Of this we have evident
traces in Tacitus. He seems to have aimed at combin-
ing some of Cicero's most conspicuous graces with the
pointed and sententious character of the new style.
Though he occasionally wants clearness and perhaps

xvi NOTES ON THE LIFE OF TACITUS.

strains too much, after effect, lie is on the whole a far
more natural and straightforward writer than most
of his contemporaries.

It has been usual to regard Cicero as the repre-
sentative of the most perfect Latinity, and Tacitus as
a man of genius belonging to a declining age and in-
fected by many of its chief literary vices. This view
Ignores several important considerations and requires
some correction. It is true that the style of Cicero>
from its general conformity to certain precise and
definite rules, is fitted to be a model of Latinity in a
sense in which that of Tacitus cannot be. A modern
scholar feels instinctively that the first is much more
suitable for imitation, but it is, we think, a great mis-
take to claim on this ground for Cicero a distinct supe-
riority over Tacitus. Cicero indeed was enabled by his
great abilities and wide culture to give a richness and
flexibility to the Latin language which it had not
known before his time, and we may venture to affirm
that without him there could not have been a Tacitus.
If, however, we are to measure excellence of style by
its capacity of adequately representing the profound and
subtle ideas of a really great thinker, we shall see good
reason for placing Tacitus in at least as high a rank as
Cicero. In vividness of imagination, in insight into
the intricacies of human character, in the breadth and
comprehensiveness of his historical faculty, he stands
first among Roman writers. These qualities are con-
tinually reflected in his style. In the language of the
time, permeated as it was with Greek ideas and
phrases, he found an instrument ready to his hand ;
he used it with a consummate mastery of its variotxs
resources, and succeeded in giving to great thoughts a
singularly characteristic expression.

INTRODUCTION TO THE LIFE OF
AGRICOLA.

The Life of Agricola is the most perfect specimen we
possess of ancient biography. It was written, we are
told, in a spirit of filial affection to commemorate the
virtues of a good man and the successes of a great
general. All that was most characteristic of a Eoman
of the highest type found a place in Agricola. An
able officer, a just and at the same time a popular
governor, a vigorous reformer of abuses, a conqueror
of hitherto unknown regions, he was also a man of
mental culture, and of singular gentleness and amia-
bility. He had every quality which could attract the
sympathy and admiration of his son-in-law. The
present work was no doubt intended to be something
more than the customary 'laudatio' which was pro-
nounced in memory of an eminent man, though its
style, resembling occasionally that of the orator rather
than the historian, shows it to have been of a kindred

xviii INTRODUCTION

character. It was designed as a KrrjfjLa Is act, in which
it might be felt that a record of the achievements of
Roman arms was happily blended with an affectionate
testimony to individual worth and distinction. For
English readers, its purpose has been thoroughly ful-
filled. Its bearing on one of the earliest passages of
our history must always make it of interest to us.

Besides a description of the geography of Britain
and of the general character of its inhabitants, in ac-
cordance with the best information which Tacitus
could procure, we have also a brief outline of the
Roman operations in the country previous to Agricola's
arrival. The actual subjugation of Britain and its
formation into a province cannot be said to have been
even attempted earlier than the reign of Claudius. It
had indeed been twice invaded by Caesar in b.c. 55 and
54, but Caesar, as Tacitus observes, was rather the
discoverer than the conqueror of the island. During
the reigns of Augustus, Tiberius and Caligula Britain
was left to itself. In a.d. 43 an expedition was under-
taken by the direction of the emperor Claudius under
the command of Aulus Plautius who seems to have
advanced as far as the northern bank of the Thames
and with Vespasian as his legatus to have gained a
firm footing for the Romans. In the following year
Claudius invaded Britain in person and defeated one
of its most powerful tribes, the Trinobantes, who oc-
cupied Hertford and Essex. This success was fol-
lowed by the submission of the Regni in Sussex and
of the Iceni in Norfolk and Suffolk. Plautius was

TO THE LIFE OF AGRIOOLA. xix

succeeded by Ostorius Scapula in A. D. 47, by whom
the military colony of Camulodunum (Colchester) was
established in A. D. 50. From this time the southern
part of Britain (proxima pars Britanniae) may be con-
sidered to have been reduced to the form of a province.
Camulodunum was practically the capital. Succeeding
governors did little to extend the Roman dominion.
In AD. 61 the province was all but lost. The Iceni
under Boudicea suddenly rose in rebellion, stormed
Camulodunum and massacred its garrison. They were
however completely beaten by Suetonius Paulinus,
the governor, and the southern Britons were effectu-
ally reconquered while the northern were overawed.
During the following years the country was gradually
Romanised, and the colonies of Camulodunum, Veru-
lamium and Londinium which had been destroyed in
the insurrection of Boudicea recovered their position.
Vespasian's reign from a.d. 69 to 79, saw the work of
conquest still further advanced under Cerialis and his
successor Frontinus. The Silures in South "Wales and
the Brigantes in Yorkshire yielded to the Roman
arms. Agricola, who had served with credit under
Cerialis and who became proconsul of Britain A.D. 78,
in succession to Frontinus, found on his arrival by far
the greater portion of the country already conquered,
though much remained to be done to secure thoroughly
the submission of the people.

The chief interest of this biography is evidently
intended to centre in the grand event of the seventh
year of Agricola's campaigns, the defeat of the con-

xx INTRODUCTION

federate Caledonian tribes by which the subjugation
of Britain to its furthest limits was finally achieved.
The description of the preparations for the battle and
of the battle itself would occupy a space altogether
out of proportion to the rest of the work were it not
meant by the author to claim the first place in the
interest of his readers. Both the scene and the event
appear to have deeply impressed the mind of Tacitus.
The critical straggle, as it seemed to him, was fought
out on the last confines of the world, and it added to
the glory of Rome the renown of a triumph which
completed the conquest of her most inaccessible and
intractable province. The speeches of the rival
generals which introduce it, are • elaborate specimens
of Tacitean eloquence. That of the Caledonian chief
is conceived in the true spirit of the barbarian and is
marked by a fierce impetuosity; that of Agricola is
calm and dignified, and implies the consciousness of
superior strength, which is the fruit of discipline and
civilisation.

Soon after his decisive success, which excited the
jealousy and ill-will of Domitian, Agricola returned to
Rome. Of the last eight years of his life, which were
passed in retirement, Tacitus tells us but little. In a
few burning words he dwells on the horrors of the
closing period of Domitian's reign and hints, though he
forbears explicitly to assert, as Dion Cassius does, that
Agricola was one of the Emperor's numerous victims.

The text of the Agricola presents many difiiculties.
In three or four passages it is probably hopelessly

TO THE LIFE OF AGRICOLA. xxi

corrupt. Great critical acumen has been brought to
bear on it by Wex, who in the Prolegomena to his
edition, published 1S52, has discussed the entire sub-
ject of the MSS. as well as every controverted passage
at great length. He thinks meanly of the recension
of Puteolanus in the 15th century, on which the
common reading of the text has from that time been
based. He relies chiefly on one of the Vatican MSS.
of the 15 th century, the work of Pomponius Laetus
and containiug on the margin the various readings of
another MS. which are written in the same hand.
Wex's examination of this MS. is subsequent to
that of Orelli and Baiter. Of recent editors he has
done the most for the Agricola. The more recent
edition of Kritz mainly owes its value to Wex.

Table of Passages in which tlte Text of this Edition of
the Agricola differs from that of Orelli.

Obelli. C. and B.

Ch. IV. Caesarum Caesaris

pater [Julii] pater fuit

V. exercitatior excitatior

X. unde et universis fama unde et in universum fama

est transgressa est transgressa

quam-f hactenus jussum quiahactenusjussumethiems
et hiems abdebat appetebat

XI. habitasse occupasse
persuasione persuasiones

XIII. •)• auctoritate operis auctor iterati operis

XV. manus manum

XVIII. ad occasionem uterentur ad occasionem verterentur

XIX. nescire ascire

XX. tanta et tanta

XXI. in bella bello
XXII. ad Taum ad Tanaum

nihil superest ; secretum nihil superest secretum, ut
et silentium ejus non silentium ejus non timeres
timeres
XXV. oppugnasse oppugnare

XXVII. Britanni •(• non virtute Britanni non virtute sed oc-
sed occasione et arte casione et arte ducis elusos
ducis rati rati

XXVIII. mox ad aquam atque ut mox ad aquam atque utilia
ilia raptis secum pie- rapiente3 cum plerisque
risque

xxiv TABLE OF PASSAGES, &c.

Orelli. C. and B.

XXX. totius Britanniae toti Britanniae

XXXI. bona fortunasque in tri- bona fortunaeque in tribu-

butum aggerant, an- turn, ager atque annus in

num in frumentum, frumentum, corpora ipsa

corpora ipsa ac manus ac manus silvia ac paludi-

fiilvis ac paludibus bus emuniendis inter ver-
emuniendis inter ver- bera et contumelias conte-

bera ac contumelias runtur
conterunt

XXXII. nisi si nisi

infirma vincla caritatis infirma vincla loco caritalis

XXXV. bellanti bellandi

in aequo aequo

convexi connexi

covinnarius et eques covinnarius eques
XXXVI. tres Batavorum cohortes Batavorum cohortes

commixtae connisae

minimeque t equestres. minimeque equestri3 ea jam

Eaenimpugnaefacies pugnae facies erat, quum

erat,cumaegradiuaut aegre clivo instantes siraul

stante simul equorum equorum

XLI. cum formidine eorum cum forniidine ceterorum

XLII. iturusne esset iturusne esset in provinciam

XL1II. statim oblitus est statim oblitus. Et...

XLIV. excessit sexto et quin- excessit quarto et quinqua-

quagesimo anno gesimo anno

in bac beatissimi seculi in hanc beatissimi seculi lu-

luce cem

XLV. Massa Boebius jam turn Massa Boebius turn reus

reus erat erat

nobis tam longae absen- nobis turn longae absentiae
tiae

XLVI. oblivio obruet oblivio obruit

VITA
GNAEI JULII AGRICOLAE.

i. — in. Tacitus apologises for offering biography to
an age vihich, tlwugh better and more hopeful than
the, terrible period of Domitian, was still so far
demoralised as to prefer satires on vice to the praises
of virtue.

I. Clarorum virorum facta moresque posteris
tradere, antiquitus usitatum, ne nostris quidem tem-
poribus quamquarn. incuriosa suorum aetas omisit,
quotiens magna aliqua ac nobilis virtus vicit ac super-
gressa est vitium parvis magnisque civitatibus com-
mune, ignorantiam recti et invidiam. Sed apud
priorea ut agere digna memoratu pronum magisque
in aperto erat, ita celeberrimus quisque ingenio ad
prodendam virtutis memoriam sine gratia aut anibi-
tione bonae tantum conscientiae pretio ducebatur. Ac
plei'ique suam ipsi vitam narrare fiduciam potius
morula quam arrogantiam arbitrati sunt, nee id E.u-
tilio et Scauro citra fidem aut obtrectationi fuit; adeo
virtutes iisdem tempoiibus optime aestimantur, quibus
facillime gignuntur. At nunc narraturo milii vitam
defuncti bominis venia opus fuit; quam non petissem
incusaturus turn saeva et infesta virtutibus tempora.

T.A. 1

2 CORN ELI I T AC ITT

II. Legimus, quum Aruleno Bustico Paetus
Tiirasea, Herennio Senecioni Priscus Helvidius lau-
dati essent, capitale fuisse, neque in ipsos modo auc-
tores, sed in libros quoque eorum saevitum, delegato
triumviris ministerio, ut monumenta clarissimorum
ingeniorum in comitio ac foro urerentur. Scilicet illo
igne vocem populi Komani et libertatem senatus et
conscientiani generis humani aboleri arbitrabantur,
expulsis insuper sapientiae professoribus atque omni
bona arte in exilium acta, ne quid usquam bonestum
occurreret. Dedimus profecto grande patientiae docu-
mentum; et sicut vetus aetas vidit, quid ultimum in
iibertate esset, ita nos, quid in servitute, adempto per
inquisitiones etiam loquendi audiendique commercio.
Memoriam quoque ipsam cum voce perdidissemus, si
tarn in nostra potestate esset oblivisci quam tacere.

III. Nunc demurn redit animus; et quamquam
jirimo statim beatissimi seculi ortu Nerva Caesar res
oliin dissociabiles miscuerit, principatum ac liberta-
tem, augeatque quotidie felicitatem temporum Ner\Ta
Traianus, nee spem modo ac votum Securitas publica,
sed ipsius voti fiduciam ac robur assumpserit, natura
tamen infirmitatis humacae tardiora sunt remedia
quam mala; et ut corpora nostra lente augescunt, cito
extinguuntui*, sic ingenia studiaque oppresseris facilius
quam revocaveris. Subit quippe etiam ipsius inertiae
<lulcedo, et invisa primo desidia postremo amatur.
Quid1? si per quindecim annos, grande mortalis aevi
spatium, multi fortuitis casibus, promptissimus quis-
que saevitia principis interciderunt, pauci, et, uti
dixerim, non modo aliorum, sed etiam nostri super-
stit&s sumus, exemptis e media vita tot annis, quibus
iuvenes ad senectutem, senes prope ad ipsos exactae

AGRICOLA 1.— III. 3

aetatis terminos per silentium venimus. Non tamen
pigebit vel incondita ac rudi voce memoriam prioris
servitutis ac testimonium praesentium bonorum com-
posuisse. Hie interim liber, lionori Agricolae soceri
mei destinatus, professione pietatis aut laudatus erit
aut excusatus.

iv. — vil. A.D. 40. — A. D. 70. Agricold's birth, parent-
age and education. He serves his military appren-
ticeship in Britain under Suetonius Paullinus at
a peculiarly critical time. His marriage. He be-
comes Quaestor and Praetor. Death of his mother.
He joins the cause of Vespasian, is appointed to
tlte command of the 20tJi legion in Britain, and ac-
quits himself with credit.

IV. Gnaeus Iulius Agricola, vetere et illustri
Foroiuliensium colonia ortus, utrumque avum pro-
curatorem Caesaris babuit, quae equestris nobilitas est.
Pater fait Iulius Graecinus senatorii ordinis, studio
eloquentiae sapientiaeque notus, iisque ipsis virtutibus
iram Gaii Caesaris meritus ; namque M. Silanum ac-
cusare iussus, et, quia abnuerat, interfectus est. Mater
Iulia Procilla fuit, rarae eastitatis. In huius sinu
iudulgentiaque educatus per omnem bonestarum ar-
tium cultum pueritiam adolescentiamque transegit.
Arcebat eum ab illecebris peccantium, praeter ipsius
bonam integramque naturam, (quod statim parvulus -
sedem ac magistram studiorum Massiliam babuitj^
locum Graeca comitate et proviuciali parsimonia mis-
tum ac bene compositum. M Memoria teneo solitum
ipsum narrare se prima in iuventa studium pbilo-
sopbiae acrius, ultra quam concessum Romano ac
senatori, bausisse, ni prudentia matris incensum ac
flagrantem animum coercuisset. Scilicet sublime et

1—2

4 CORNELU TAGITI

erectum ingenium pulchritudinem ac speciem magaae
excelsaeque gloriae vehementius quam caute appete-
bat. Mox mitigavit ratio et aetas, retinuitque, quod
est difficillimum, ex sapientia modum.

V. Prima castrorum rudimenta in Britannia
Suetonio Paulino, diligenti ac moderato duci, ap-
probavit electus, quern contubernio aestimaret. Nee
Agricola licenter, more iuvenum, qui militiam in
lasciviam vertunt, neque segniter ad voluptates et
commeatus titulum tribunatus et inscitiam rettulit ;
sed noscere provinciam, nosci exercitui, discere a
peritis, sequi optimos, nihil appetere in iactationem,
nihil ob formidinem recusare, simulque et anxius et
intentus agere. Non sane alias excitatior magisque
iu ambiguo Britannia fait. Trucidati veteraui, in-
censae coloniae, intersepti exercitus ; turn de salute,
mox de victoria certavere. Quae cuncta etsi consiliis
ductuque alterius agebanUir, ac summa rerum et re-
cuperatae provinciae gloria in ducem cessit, artem et
usum et stimulos addidere iuveni, intravitque animum
militaris gloriae cupido, ingrata temporibus, quibus
sinistra erga eminentes interpretatio, nee minus peri-
culum ex magna fama quam ex mala.

YI. Hinc ad capessendos magistratus in urbem
digressus Domitiam Decidianam, splendidis natalibus
ortam, sibi iiinxit, idque matrimonium ad maiora
uitenti decus ac robur fait. Vixeruntque mira Con-
cordia per mutuam caritatem et invicem se ante-
ponendo, nisi quod in bona uxore tanto maior laus,
quanto in mala plus culpae est. Sors quaesturae pro-
vinciam Asiam, proconsulem Salvium Titianum dedit.
Quorum neutro corruptus est, quamquam et provincia
dives ac parata peccantibus, et proconsul in omnem

AGRICOLA IV— VII. 5

aviditatein pronus quantalibet facilitate redempturus
esset rautuam dissimuiationem mali. Auctus est ibi
filia, in subsidium simul et solatium ; nam nlium ante
sublatum brevi amisit. Mox inter quaesturam ac

Or i

tribunatum plebis atque ipsum etiam tribunatus an-
num quiete et otio transiit, gnarus sub Nerone tem-
porum, quibus inertia pro sapientia fuit. Idem prae-
turae tenor et silentium ; nee enim iurisdictio ob-
venerat. Ludos et inania honoris medio rationis atque
abundantiae duxit, uti longe a luxuria, ita famae
propior. Turn electus a Galba ad dona templorum
l-ecognoscenda, diligentissima conquisitione fecit, ne
cuius alterias sacrilegium res publica quam Neronis
sensisset. fffK.<?£' C1'*

VII. k$equens annus gravi vulnere animum do-
mumque eius afflixit. Nam classis Otboniana licenter
vaga, dum Intemelios (Liguriae pars est) bostiliter
populatur, matrem Agricolae in praediis suis interfecit,
praediaque ipsa et magnam patrimonii partem diripuit,
quae caussa caedis fuerat. Igitur ad sollemnia pietatis
profectus Agricola nuntio affectati a Vespasiano im-
perii deprehensus, ac statim in partes transgressus est.
Initia principatus ac statum urbis Mucianus regebat,
iuvene admodum Domitiano, et ex paterna fortuna
tantum licentiam usurpante. Is missum ad delectus
agendos Agricolam integreque ac strenue versatum
vicesimae legioni, tarde ad sacramentum transgressae,
praeposuit, ubi decessor seditiose agere narrabatur ;
quippe legatis quoque consularibus nimia ac fov-
midolosa erat, nee legatus praetorius ad cohibendum
potens, incertum, suo an militum ingenio. Ita suc-
cessor simul et ultor electus rarissima moderatif nc
maluit videri invenisse bonos quam fecisse.

6 CORNELII TACITI

Vill. IX. a.d. 70. — a.d. 78. Singular tact of Agri-
cola. He is appointed by Vespasian governor of
Aquitania, is recalled to Home to be made consul,
and on the expiration of his consulate, becomes
governor of Britain.

VIII. Praeerat tunc Britanuiae Vettius Bolanus,
1 1 placidius quam feroci provincia dignum est. Tempera-

yit Agricola vim suam, ardoremque compescuit, ne
incresceret, peritus obsequi eruditusque utilia honestis
miscere. Brevi deinde Britannia consularem Petilium
Cerialem accepit. Habuemnt virtutes spatium ex-
emplorum. Sed primo Cerialis labores modo et dis-
crimina, mox et gloriam communicabat ; saepe parti
exercitus in experimentum, aliquando maioribus copiis
ex eventu praefecit. Nee Agricola umquam in suam
famam gestis exsultavit ; ad auctorem ac ducem ut
minister fortunam referebat. Ita virtute in obse-
quendo, verecundia in praedicando extra invidiam nee
extra gloriam erat.

IX. Bevertentem ab legatione legionis divus
Vespasianus inter patricios ascivit, ac deinde pro-
vinciae Aquitaniae praeposuit, splendidae imprimis
dignitatis! admiiiistratione ac spe consulatus, cui des-
tinarat. Credunt plerique militaribus ingeniis sub-
tilitatem deesse, quia castrensis iurisdictio secura et
obtusior ac plura manu agens calliditatem fori non
exerceat. Agricola naturali prudentia, quamvis inter
togatos, facile iusteque agebat. lam vero tempora
curarum remissionumque divisa ; uVji conventus ac
iudicia poscerent, gravis, intentus, severus, et saepius
misericors ; ubi officio satisfactum, nulla ultra potes-
tatis persona. Tristitiam et arrogantiam et avaritiam
exueratj nee illi, quod est rarissimum, aut facilitas

AGBICOLA VI1L IX. 7

auctoritatem aut severitas amorem deminuit. In-
tegritatem atque abstinentiam in tanto viro referre "p
iniuria virtutum fuerit. Ne famam quidem, cui saepe
etiam boni indulgent, ostentanda virtute aut per arteni
quaesivit; procul ab aemulatione adversus collegas,
procul a contentioue adversus procuratores, et vincere
inglorium et atteri sordidum arbitrabatur. Minus
triennium in ea legatione detentus ac statim ad spem
consulatus revocatus est, coniitante opinione Britan-
niam ei provinciam dari, nullis in. hoc suis sermonibus,
sed quia par videbatur. Hand semper errat fama ;
aliquando et elegit. Consul egregiae turn spei filiani
iuveni mihi despondit, ac post consulatum collocavit ;
et statim Britanniae praepositus est, adiecto pontifi-
catus sacerdotio.

x. — xii. Britain; its boundaries, shape, surrounding
seas, origin, character, customs of its inhabitants ;
climate, products of the soil.

X. Britanniae situm populosque multis scriptqri^
bus memoratos non in comparationem curae ingeniive
referam, sed quia turn primum perdomita est ; ita,
quae priores nondum comperta eloquentia perooluere,
rerum fide tradentur. Britannia, insularum, quas
Romana notitia complectitur, maxima, spatio ac coelo
in orientem Germaniae, in occidentem Hispaniae ob-
tenditur; Gallis in meridiem etiam inspicitur. Sep-
tentrionalia eius, nullis contra terris, vasto atque
aperto mari pulsantur. For-mam totius Britanniae
Livius veterum Fabius Busticus recentium eloquen-
tissimi auctores oblongae scutulae vel bipenni assi-
milavere. Et est ea faeies citra Caledoniam, unde et

3 CORNELII TACITI

in universum fama(jes#; transgress (Sed) immensum
et enorme spatium procurrentium extremo iam litore
terrarum velut in cuneunx tenuatur. Hanc oram
novissimi maris tunc primum Romana classis circuni-
vecta iusulam esse Britanniam affirmavit, ac simul
incognitas ad id tempus insulas, quas Oi'cadas vocant,
invenit domuitque. Dispecta est et Thule, quia hac-
tenus iussum, et hienis appetebat. Sed mare pigrum
et grave remigantibus ; perhibent ne ventis quidem
proinde afctolli ; credo, quod rariores terrae montesque,
caussa ac materia tempestatum, et profunda moles
continui maris tardius impellitur. Katuram Oceani
atque aestus neque quaerere huius operis est, ac multi
rettulere. Unum addiderirn, nusquam latius dominari
mare, multum fluminum hue atque illuc ferre, nee
litore tenus accrescere aut resorberi, sed.. influere
penitus atque ambire, et iugis etiam ac montibus inseri
velut in suo.

XI. Ceterum Britanniam qui mortales initio
coluerint, indigenae an advecti, ut inter barbaros,
parum compertum. Habitus corporum varii, atque
ex eo argumenta. Nam que rutilae Caledonian! habi-
tantium comae, magni artus Germanicam originem
asseverant. Silurum colorati vultus, torti plerumque
crines, et posita contra His})ania Iberos veteres traie-
cisse easque sedes occupasse fidem faciunt. Proximi
Gallis et similes sunt, seu durante originis si, seu
procurrentibiis in diversa terris positio coeli corporibus
habitum dedit. In universum tamen aestimanti Gallos
vicinam insulam occupasse credibile est. 'lEorum sacra
deprebendas, superstitionum persuasiones ; sermo haud
multum diversus ; in deposcendis periculis eadem
audacia, et, ubi advenere, in detrectandis eadem for-

AGRICOLA X.— XII. 9

mido. Plus tamen ferociae Britanui praefenint, ut
auos nondum longa pax errrollierit. Nam Gallos quo-
que iu bellis floruisse accepimus ; mox segnitia cum
otio intravit, amissa virtute pariter ac libertate.
Quod Britannorum olim victis evenit ; ceteri manent,
quales Galli fuenint.

XII. In pedite robur ) quaedam nationes et curru
proeliantur ; honestior auriga, clientes propugnarit.
Olim regibus parebant, nunc per principes factionibus
et studiis trahuntur, nee aliud adversus validissimas
gentes pro nobis utilius quam quod in commune nou
consulunt. Rarus duabus tribusque civitatibus ad
propulsandum commune periculum conventus ; ita
singuli pugnant, universi vincuntur. Coelum crebris
imbribus ac nebulis foedum ; asperitas frigorum abest.
Dierum spatia ultra nostri orbis niensuram ; nox clara
et extrerua Britanniae parte brevis, ut fiiiem atque
initium lucis exiguo discrimine internoscas. Quod si
nubes non officiant, aspici per noctem solis fulgorem,
nee occidere et exsurgere sed transire affirmant. Sci-
licet extrema et plana terrarum bumili umbra non
erigunt tenebras, infraque coelum et sidera nox cadit.
Solum, praeter oleam vitemque et cetera calidioribus
terris oriri sueta, patiens frugum, fecundum ; tarde
mitescunt, cito proveniunt, eademque utriusque rei
caussa, multus bumor terrarum coelique. Fert Bri-
tannia aurum et argentum et alia metalla, pretium
victoriae. Gignit et oceanus margarita, sed subfusca
ac liventia. Quidam artem abesse legentibus arbi-
trantur ; nam in rubro mari viva ac spirantia saxis
avelli, in Britannia, prout expulsa sint, colligi. Ego
facilius crediderim naturam margaritis deesse quam
nobis avaritiam.

10 CORNELII TACIT I

xiii. — XVII. Sketch of the Roman conquest of Britain
from the invasion of Julius Caesar to its more
complete subjugation by Claudius. Roman gover-
nors of Britain. Insurrection of tlie Britons under
Boadicea; they storm Camalodunum, but are com-
pletely defeated by Suetonius Paullinus. Governors
who succeeded Paullinus. Little done by them to
advance the Roman dominiori in Britain. Vigorous
policy of Vespasian.

XIII. Ipsi Britanni delectuin ac tributa et in-
iuncta imperii munera impigre obeunt, si iniuriae
absint; lias aegre tolerant, iam domiti ut pareant,
nondum ut serviant. Igitur primus omnium Eoma-
norum divus Iulius cum exercitu Britanniam in-
gressus, quamquam prospera pugna terruerit incolas,
ac litore potitus sit, potest videri ostendisse posteris,
non tradidisse. Mox bella civilia, et in rem publicam
versa '"principum arma, ac longa oblivio Britanniae
etiam in pace. Consilium id divus Augustus vocabat,
Tiberius praeceptum. Agitasse Gaium Caesarem de
intranda Britannia satis constat, ni velox ingenio
mobilis poenitentiae, et ingentes adversus Germaniam
conatus frustra fuissent. Divus Claudius auctor iterati
operis, transvectis legionibus auxiliisque et assumpto
in partem rerum Vespasiano ; quod initium venturae
mox fortunae fuit. Domitae gentes, capti reges, et
monstratus fatis Vespasianus.

XIV. Consularium primus Aulus Plautius prae-
positus, ac subinde Ostorius Scapula, uterque bello
egregius; redactaque paulatim in formam provinciae
proxima pars Britanniae. Addita insuper vetera-
norum colonia. Quaedam civitates Cogidumno regi
donatae (is ad nostram usque memoriam fidissimus

AGRICOLA XIII.— XVII. 11

mansit), ut, vetere ac iam pridem recepta populi Ro-
ruani consuetudiae, liaberet instrumeuta servitutis et
reges. Mox Didius Gallus parta a prioritms continuit,
paucis admodum castellis in ulteriora promotis, per
quae fama aucti officii quaereretur. Didiuni Veranius
excepit, isque intra annum extinctus est. Suetonius
hinc Paulinus biennio prosperas res habuit stibactis
nationibus firmatisque praesidiis; quorum fiducia
Monam insulam, ut vires rebellibus ministrantem,
aggressus terga occasioni patefecit.

XV. Namque absentia legati remoto metu,
Britanni agitare inter se mala servitutis, conferre
iniurias et interpretando accendere. Nihil profiei
patientia, nisi ut graviora tamquam ex facili toleran-
tibus imperentur. Singulos sibi olim reges fuisse,
nunc binos imponi, e quibus legatus in sanguinem,
procurator in bona saeviret. Aeque discordiam prae-
positorum, aeque coneordiam subieetis exitiosam;
alterius manuij, centuriones, alterius servos vim et
contumelias miscere. Nihil iam cupiditati, nihil
libidini exceptum. In proelio fortiorem esse, qui
spoliet; nunc ab ignavis plerumque et imbellibus
eripi domos, abstrahi liberos, iniungi delectus, tam-
quam mori tantum pro patria neseientibus. Quantu-
lum enim transisse militum, si sese Britanni numerent 1
Sic Germanias excussisse iugum, et flumine, non oceano
defendi; sibi patriam, coniuges, parentes, illis avari-
tiam et luxuriam caussas belli esse. Recessuros, ut
divus Iulius recessisset, modo virtutem maiorum
suorum aemularentur. Neve proelii unius aut alterius
eventu pavescerent; plus impetus, maiorem con-
stantiam penes miseros esse. Iam Britannorum etiam
deos misei'eri, qui Bomanum ducem absentem, qui

12 CORNELII TACIT1

relegatum in alia insula exercitum detinerent: iam
ipsos, quod diincillimum fuerit, deliberare. Porro
in eiusmodi consiliis periculosius esse deprehendi
quam audere.

XVI. His atque talibus invicem instincti, Bou-
dicea, generis regii femina, duce (neque enim sexum
in imperiis discernunt) sumpsere universi bellum;
ac sparsos per castella milites consectati, expugnatis
praesidiis ipsani coloniam invasere ut sedem servitutis.
Nee ullum in barbaris saevitiae genus oraisit ira et
victoria. Quod nisi Paulinus cognito provinciae motu
propere subvenisset, amissa Britannia foret; quam
unius proelii fortuna veteri patientiae restituit, (tenen-
tibus arma plerisque, quos conscientia defectionis et
propius ex legato timor agitabat), ni quamquam
egregius cetera arroganter in deditos, et, ut suae
cuiusque iniuriae ultor, durius consuleret. Missus
igitur Petronius Turpilianus tamquam exorabilior
et delictis hostium novus eoque poenitentiae mitior,
compositis prioribus nihil ultra ausus Trebellio
Maximo provinciam tradidit. Trebellius seguior et
nullis castrorum experimentis comitate quadam curandi
provinciam tenuit. Didicere iam barbari quoqne
ignoscere vitiis blandientibus, et interventus civilium
armorum praebuit iustam segnitiae excusationem. Sed
discordia laboratum, quum assuetus expeditionibus
miles otio lasciviret. Trebellius, fuga ac latebris
vitata exercitus ira indecorus atque humilis, precario
mox praefuit, ac velut pacti exercitus licentiam, dux
salutem; et seditio sine sanguine stetit. Nee Vettius
Bolanus, manentibus adhuc civilibus bellis, agitavit
Britanniam disciplina. Eadem inertia erga hostes,
similis petulantia castrorum, nisi quod innocens

AG RICO LA XIII.— XVII. 13

Bolanus et nullis delictis invisus caritatem paraverat
loco auctoritatis.

XVII. Sed ubi cum cetero orbe Vespasianus et
Britanniam recuperavit, magni duces, egregii exercitus,
minuta hostiuni spes. Et terrorem statim intulit
Petilius Cerialis, Brigantum civitatein, quae numero-
sissima provinciae totius perhibetui", aggressus. Multa
proelia, et aliquando non incruenta; magnamque
Brigantum partem aut victoria amplexus est aut
bello. Et Cerialis quidem alterius successoris cu-
ram famamque obruisset sed sustmuit molem Iulius
Frontinus, vir magnus, quantum licebat, validamque et
pugnaceui Silurum gentem armis subegit, super virtu-
teni hostium locorum quoque drfficultates eluctatus.

xviii. — xxi. A. D. 78. — A. d. 79. Successes of Agricola in
Britain. Defeat of the Ordovices. Attack on tlie
island of Mona. Terror and submission of the
Britons. Moderation and equity of Agricola's go-
vernment. His reform of abuses. He establishes forts
and garrisons, and introduces Roman civilization.

XVIII. IIuuc Britanniae statum, has bellorum
vices media iam aestate transgressus Agricola iuvenit,
quum et milites velut omissa expeditione ad securi-
tatem, et hostes ad occasionem verterentur. Ordo-
vicum ci vitas baud multo ante ad vent um eius alam in
fiuibus suis agentem prope universam obtriverat,
eoque initio erecta provincia; et qixibus bellum volen-
tibus erat, probare exemplum, ac recentis legati
animum opperiri, quum Agricola, quamquam trans-
vecta aestas, sparsi per provinciam numeri, praesumpta
apud militem illius anni quies, tarda et contraiia
ljellum inchoaturo, et plerisque custodiri suspecta
potius videbatur, ire obviam discrimini statuitj con-

14 CORNELII TACIT I

tractisque legionum vexillis et modica auxiliorum
manu, quia in aequuru degredi Ordovices non aude-
bant, ipse ante agmen, quo ceteris par animus simili
periculo esset, erexit aciem. Caesaque prope universa
gente, non ignarus instandum famae, ac, prout prima
cessissent, terrorem ceteris fore, Monam insulam,
cuius possessione revocatum Paulinum rebellione totius
Britanniae suj)ra memoravi, redigere in potestatem
animo intendit. Sed, ut in dubiis consiliis, naves
deerant; ratio et constantia ducis transvexit. De-
posits omnibus sarcinis lectissimos auxiliarium, quibus
nota vada et patrius nandi \isus, quo simul seque et
arma et equos regunt, ita repente immisit, ut obstupe-
facti hostes, qui classem, qui naves, qui mare exspecta-
bant, nihil arduum aut invictum crediderint sic ad
bellum venientibus. Ita petita pace ac dedita insula
clarus ac magnus baberi Agricola, quippe cui in-
gredienti provinciam, quod tempus alii per ostenta-
tionem et officiorum ambitum transigunt, labor et
periculum placuisset. Nee Agricola prOsperitate
rerum in vanitatem usus expeditionem aut victoriam
vocabat victos continuisse; ne laureatis quidem gesta
prosecutus est. Sed ipsa dissimulatione famae famam
auxit aestimantibus, quanta futuri spe tarn magna
tactiisset.

XIX. Ceterum animorum provinciae prudens,
simulque doctus per alieua experimenta parum profici
armis, si injuriae sequerentur, causas bellorum statuit
excidere. A se suisque orsus primum domum suam
coercuit, quod plerisqixe haud minus arduum est quam
provinciam regere. Nihil per libertos servosque pub-
licae reL non studlis privatis nee ex commendatione

~*ij ...

aut precibus centunonem, mihtes ascire, sed optimum

AG RICO LA XVIII.— XXI. 15

quemque fidissimum putare; omnia scire, non omnia
exsequi ; parvis peccatis veniam, magnis severitatem
commodare, nee poena semper, sed saepius poenitentia
contentus esse ; officii^ et administrationibus potius
non peccaturos praeponere, quam damnare, qunm
peecassent. // Frumenti et tributoruru exactionem
aequalitate munerum mollire, circumcisis, quae in
quaestum reperta ipso tributo gravius tolerabantur.
Xamque per ludibriuni assidere clausis horreis et
emere ultro frainenta ac ludere pretio cogebantur ;
devortia itinerum et longinquitas regionum indicebatur,
- ut civitates, proximis hibernis, in remota et avia
deferrent, donee, quod omnibus in promptu erat, paucis
lucrosum fieret.

XX. Haec primo statim anno comprimendo egre-
giam famam paci circuindedit, quae vel incuria vel
intolerantia priorum baud minus quam bellum time-
batur. Sed ubi aestas advenit, contracto exercitu
multus in agmine, laudare modestiam, disiectos coe'r-
cere ; loca castris ipse capere, aestuaria ac silvas ipse
praetentare ; et nibil interim apud hostes quietum
pati, quominus subitis excursibus popularetur; atque
ubi satis terruerat, parcendo rursus irritamenta pacis
ostentare. Quibus rebus multae civitates, quae in
ilhim diem ex aequo egerant, datis obsidibus iram
posuere, et praesidiis castellisque circumdatae, et tanta
i-atione curaque ut nulla ante Britanniae nova pars.

XXI. Ulacessita transiit sequens hiems, salu-
berrimis consiliis absumpta. Namque ut homines dis-
persi ac rades eoque bello faciles quieti et otio per
voluptates assuescerent, hortari privatim, adiuvare
publiee, ut templa, fora, domos exstruerent, laudando
promptos et castigando segnes. Ita honoris aemulatio

1G CORNELII TACIT I

pro necessitate erat. lam vero principum filios libera-
libus artibus erudire, et ingenia Britannoruni studiis
Gallorum anteferre, uh, qui inodo linguam Romanani
abnuebant, eloquentiam concupiscerent. Inde etiam
habitus nostri honor, et frequens toga, paulatimque
discessum ad delenimenta vitiorum, porticus et balnea
et conviviorum elegantiam ; idque apud imperitos
humanitas vocabatur, quum pars servitutis esset.

x.vii. — xxiv. a.d. 80. — a.d. 82. Agricola pushes Ids
conquests as far north as the Tanaus and draws a
line of forts from the Clota to the Bodotria. He
crosses the Clota and posts some troops on the western
coast opposite Ireland. Description of Ireland.

XXII. Tertius expeditionum annus novas gentes
aperuit, vastatis usque ad Tanaum (aestuario nomen
est) nationibus. Qua forruidine territi hostes quam-
quaru conflictatum saevis tempestatibus exercitum
lacessere non ausi ; ponendisque insuper castellis spa-
tium fuit. Annotabant periti non alium ducem oppor-
tunitates locorum sapientius legisse. Nullum ab Agri-
cola positum castellum aut vi hostium expugnatum
aut pactione ac fuga desertum ; crebrae eruptiones ;
nam adversus moras obsidionis animis copiis firma-
bantur. Ita intrepida ibi hiems, et sibi quisque
praesidio, irritis hostibus eoque desperantibus, quia
soliti plerumque damna aestatis hibernis eventibus
pensare turn aestate atque hieme iuxta pellebantur.
Nee Agricola umquam per alios gesta avidus intercepit
seu centurio seu praefectus, incorruptum facti testem
habebat. Apud quosdam acerbior in conviciis narra
batur; ut erat comis bonis, ita adversus malos iniu
cuudus. Ceterum ex iracundia nihil supererat secretum

AGRICOLA XXII.— XXIY. 17

ut silentium eius non timeres ; lionestius putabat offen-
dere quam odisse.

XXIII. Quarta aestas obtinendis, quae percu-
currerat, insunipta, ac, si virtus exercituum et Romani
nominis gloria pateretur, inventus in ipsa Britannia
terminus. Namque Clota et Bodotria, diversi maris
aestibus per immensum revectae, angusto terrarum
spatib dirimuntur, quod turn praesidiis firmabatur ;
atque omnia propior sinus tenebatur, summotis velut
in aliam insulam bostibus.

XXIY. Quinto expeditionum anno nave prima
transgressus ignotas ad id tempus gentes crebris simul
ae prosperis proeliis domuit, eamque partem Britanniae,
quae Hiberniam aspicit, copiis instruxit, in spem magis
quam ob formidinem, si quidem Hibernia medio inter
Britanniam atque Hispaniam sita et Gallico quoque
mari opportuna valentissimam imperii partem magnis
invicem usibus miscuerit. Spatium eius, si Britanniae
comparetur, angustius, nostri maris insulas superat.
Solum coelurnque et ingenia cultusque bominum baud
multum a Britannia differunt ; melius aditus portusque
per commercia et negotiatores cogniti. Agricola ex-
pulsum seditione domestica unum ex regulis gentis
exceperat, ac specie amicitiae in occasionem retinebat.
Saepe ex eo audivi legione una et modicis auxiliLs
debellari obtinerique Hiberniam posse, idque etiam
adversus Britanniam profuturum, si Romana ubique
anna, et velut e conspectu libertas tolleretur.

xxv. — xxix. a.d. 83. — A.D. 84. Agricola undertakes
an expedition by sea and land to the north of the
Bodotria, and is met by a confederation of the Cale-
donian tribes who make a sudden and furious attack
on the 9t/i legion, but are ultimately defeated. They
T. a. 2

18 UORNELII TAC1TI

prepare however to renew the conflict. Strange adven-
tures of a Usipian cohort. Agricola advances as far
as the Grampian mountains, where he is met by the
assembled forces of the Caledonians under Galgacus.

XXV. Ceterum aestate, qua sextum officii annum
inchoabat, am plexus civitates trans Bodotriam sitas,
quia motus universarum ultra gentium et infesta
hostilis exercitus itinera timebantur, portus classe
exploravit. Quae ab Agricola primum assumpta in
partem virium sequebatur egregia specie, quum simul
terra simul mari bellum impelleretur, ac saepe iisdem
castris pedes equesque et nauticus miles misti copiis et
laetitia sua quisque facta, suos casus attollerent, ac
modo silvarum ac montium profunda, modo tempes-
tatum ac fluctuum adversa, hinc terra et hostis, hinc
victus oceanus militari iactantia compararentur. Bri-
tanuos quoque, ut ex captivis audiebatur, visa classis
obstupefaciebat, tamquam aperto maris sui secreto
ultimum victis perfugium clauderetur. Ad manus et
arma conversi Caledoniam incolentes populi paratu
magno, maiore fama, uti mos est de ignotis, oppugnare
ultro castellum adorti, metum ut provocantes addide-
iant ; regrediendumque citra Bodotriam, et excedendum
potius quam pellerentur, ignavi specie prudentium
admonebant, quum interim cognoscit bostes pluribus
agminibus iiTupturos. Ac ne superante numero et
peritia locorum circumiretur, diviso et ipse in tres
partes exercitu incessit.

XXVI. Quod ubi cognitum liosti, mutato repente
consilio universi nonam legionem, ut maxime invali-
dam, nocte aggressi, inter somnum ac trepidationem,
(diesis vigilibus, irmpere. Iamque in ipsis castris
pugnabatur, quum Agricola, iter liostium ab ex-

AGRICOLA XXV.— XXIX. 19

ploratoribus edoctus et vestigiis insecutus, velocissi-
mos equitum peditumque assultare tergis pugnantium
iubet, mox ab universis adiici clamorem ; et pi*opinqua
luce fulsere signa. Ita ancipiti malo territi Britanni ;
et Romanis rediit animus, ac securi pro salute de
gloria certabant. Ultro quin etiam erupere, et fuit
atrox in ipsis portarum angustiis proelium, donee pulsi
hostes, utroque exercitu certante, bis, ut tulisse opem,
illis, ne eguisse auxilio viderentur. Quod nisi paludes
et silvae fugientes texissent, debellatum ilia victoria
foret.

XXVII. Cuius conscientia ac fama ferox exer-
eitus nihil virtuti. suae invium, et penetrandam Cale-
doniam inveniendumque tandem Britanniae terminum
continuo proeliorum cursu fremebant ; atque illi modo
cauti ac sapientes prompti post eventum ac magniloqui
erant. Iniquissima haec bellorum condicio est ; pros-
pera omnes sibi vindicant, adversa uni imputantur.
At Britauni, non virtute, sed occasione et arte ducis
elusos rati, nihil ex arrogantia remittere, quominus
iuventutem armarent, coniuges ac liberos in loca tuta
transferrent, coetibus ac sacrificiis conspirationem civi-
tatum sancirent. Atque ita irritatis utrimque animis
diiicessum.

XXVIII. Eadem aestate cohors Usipiorum per
Germanias conscripta et in Britanniam tra»»missa
magnum ac memorabile facinus ausa est. Occiso cen-
turione ac militibus, qui ad ti*adendam disciplinam
immisti mani])ulis exemplum et rectores habebantur,
tres liburnicas adactis per vim gubernatoribus a&-
cendere ; et uno remigante, suspectis duobus eoque
interfectis, nondum vulgato rumore ut miraculumi
praovehebantur. Mox ad aquam atque utilia rapientes

20 COBNELII TACITI

cum plerisque Britannorum sua defensantium proelio
congressi, ac saepe victores, aliquando pulsi, eo ad
extremum inopiae venere, ut infirmissimos suorum, .
mox sorte ductos vescerentur. Atque ita circumvecti
Britanniam, amissis per inscitiam regendi navibus,
pro praedonibus habiti, primum a Suevis, mox a Fri-
siis intercepti sunt. Ac fuere, quos per commercia
venundatos et in nostram usque ripam mutation e
ementium adductos indicium tanti casus illustravit.

XXIX. Initio aestatis Agricola domestico vulnere
ictus. Anno ante natum filium amisit ; quern casum
neque, ut plerique fortium virorum, ambitiose, neque
per lamenta rursus ac maerorem muliebriter tulit. Et
in luctu bellum inter remedia erat. Igitur praemissa
classe, quae pluribus locis praedata maguum et incer-
tum terrorem faceret, expedito exercitu, cui ex Bri-
tannis fortissimos et longa pace exploratos addiderat,
ad montem Grampium pervenit, quern iam bostis in-
sederat. Nam Britanni, nihil fracti pugnae prioris
eventu, et ultionem aut servitium exspectantes, tan-
demque docti commune periculum coucordia propul-
sandum, legationibus et foederibus omnium ciritatum
vires exciverant. Iamque super triginta milia arma-
torum aspiciebantur, et adhuc affluebat omnis iuventus
et quibus cruda ac viridis senectus, clari bello et sua
quisque decora gestantes, quum inter plures duces
virtu te et genere praestans, nomine Calgacus, apud
contractam multitudinem proelium poscentem in bunc
modum locutus fertur :

xxx. — xxxii. Speech of Galgacus to his army. He
dwells on the urgency of the crisis, on the Iwpeless-
ness of escape from the Roman lust of dominion,
on the almost certain success which will attend the

AGRIGOLA XXX.— XXXII. 21

united efforts of a hitherto unconquered people, whose
freedom is threatened by a miscellaneous host of
invaders which is held together by fear and terror
rather than by fidelity and affection.

XXX. Quotiens caussas belli et necessitatem
nostraui intueor, magnus mihi animus est hodiermim
diem consensu in que vestrum initium libertatis toti
Britanniae fore. Nam et universi servitutis expertes,
et nullae ultra terrae, ac ne mare quidem securum
imminente nobis classe Romana. Ita proelium atque
arma, quae fortibus bonesta, eadem etiam ignavis
tutissima sunt. Priores pugnae, quibus adversus
Bornanos varia fortuna certatum est, spem ac subsidium
in nostris manibus habebant, quia nobilissimi totius
Britanniae, iique in ipsis penetralibus siti, nee servi-
entium litora aspicientes, oculos quoque a contactu
dominationis inviolatos habebamus. Nos terrarum ac
libertatis extremos recessus ipse ac sinus famae in
bunc diem defendit, atque omne ignotum pro inagni-
fico est./ Sed nunc terminus Britanniae patet. Nulla
iam ultra gens, niliil nisi lluctus et saxa, et infestiores
Bomani, quorum superbiam frustra per obsequium ae
modestiam effugeris. Baptores orbis, postquam cunctii
vastantibus defuere terrae, iam et mare scrutantur;
si locuples hostis est, avari, si pauper, ambitiosi, quos
uon Oriens, non Occidens satiaverit. Soli omnium
opes atque inopiam pari affectu concupiscunt. Auferre,
timcidare, rapere falsis nominibus imperium, atque ubi
solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant.

XXXI. Liberos cuique ac propinquos suos natura
carissimos esse voluit. Hi per delectus alibi servituri
auferuntur ; coniuges sororesqxie, etiamsi bostilem
libidinem effugiant, nomine amicorum atque bospitum

'/i

22 CORNELII TACIT I

polluuntur. Bona fortunaeque in tributum, ager atque
annus in frumentum, corpora ipsa ac man us silvis
ac paludibus emuniendis inter verbera ac contumelias
conteruntur. Nata servituti mancipia semel veneunt,
atque ultro a dominis aluntur ; Britannia servitutem
suam quotidie emit, quotidie pascit. Ac sicut in
familia recentissimus quisque servorum etiam conservis
ludibrio est, sic in hoc orbis terrarum vetere famulatu
novi nos et viles in excidium petimur. Neque enim
arva nobis aut metalla aut portus sunt, quibus exer-
cendis resei-vemur. Virtus porro ac ferocia subiect-
orum ingrata imperantibus ; et longinquitas ac se-
cretum ipsum quo tutius, eo suspectius. Ita sublata
spe veniae tandem sumite animum, tarn quibus salus
>. Iquam quibus gloria carissima est. Brigantes femina
duce exurere coloniam, expugnare castra, ac, nisi
felicitas in socordiam vertisset, exuere iugum potuere ;
nos integri et indomiti et libertatem non in poeniten-
tiam laturi, primo statim congressu ostendamus, quos
sibi Caledonia viros seposuerit.

XXXII. An eanJemlloraanis in bello virtutem
quam in pace lasciviam adesse creditis 1 Nostris
illi dissensionibus ac discordiis clari vitia hostium in
gloriam exercitus sui vertunt ; quem contractum ex
diversissimis gentibus ut secundae res tenent, ita ad-
versae dissolvent, nisi Gallos et Germanos et (pudet
^^ dictu) Britannorum plerosque, licet dominationi alienae
sanguinem commodent, diutius tamen hostes quam
servos, fido et affectu teneri putatis. Metus ac terror
est, infirma vincla loco caritatis ; quae ubi removeris,
quitimere desierint, odisse incipient. Omnia victoriae
incitamenta pro nobis sunt ; nullae Romanos con-
iuges accendunt, nulli parentes fugam exprobratmi

AGRICOLA XXX.— XXXII. 23

sunt ; aut nulla plerisque patria aut alia est. Paucos
numero, trepidos ignoi*antia, coelum ipsum ac mare
et silvas, ignota omnia, circumspectantes, clausos quo-
dammodo ac vinctos dii nobis tradiderunt. Xe terreat
vanus aspectus et auri fulgor atque argenti, quod
neque tegit neque vulnerat. In ipsa hostiuni acie
inveniemus nostras manus ; agnoscent Britanni suam
caussam, recordabuntur Galli priorem libertatem,
deserent illos ceteri Germani, tamquam nuper Usipii
relinquerunt. Nee quicquam ultra formidinis ; vacua
castella, senum coloniae, inter male parentes et iniuste
imperantes aegra municipia et discordantia. Hie dux,
hie exercitus ; illic tributa et metalla et ceterae servi-
entium poenae, quas in aeternum perfeiTe aut statim
ulcisci in hoc campo est. Proinde ituri in aciem et
maiores vestros et posteros cogitate.

xxxni. — xxxiv. Agricolas address to his troops. He
reminds them of the courage and endurance which
seven years' military service has tested, of tlie unique
character of their achievements, of their despe-
rate position, of their glorious end, should they
be overpowered, in these remote and unexplored
regions. Tlie enemy, lie suggests, Jias stood his
ground rather under the influence of panic than of
steady deliberate bravery.

XXXIIL Excepere orationem alacres, ut barbaris
moris, cantu fremituque et clamoribus dissonis. Iam-
que agmina, et armorum fulgores audentissimi cuius-
qiie procursu; simul instruebatur acies, quum Agricola,
quamquam laetum et vix munimentis coercitum
mil item accendendum adhuc ratus, ita disseruit :

Octavus annus est, commilitones, ex quo virtute et
auspiciis imperii Romani, fide atque opera vestra

24 CORNELII TACITI

Britanniam vicistis. Tot expeditionibus, tot proeliis,
seu fortitudine adversus hostes seu patientia ac labore
paene advei'sus ipsam rerum naturam opus fuit, neque
me inilitum neque vos ducis poenituit. Ergo egressi,
ego veterum legatorum, vos priorum exercituum ter-
minos, finem Britanniae non fama nee rumore, sed
castris et armis tenemus. Inventa Britannia et sub-
acta. Equidem saepe in agmine, quuni vos paludes
montesve et flumina fatigarent, fortissimi cuiusque
voces audiebam ; quando dabitur hostis, quando acies1?
Veniunt, e latebris suis extrusi, et vota virtusque in
aperto, omniaque prona victoribus, atque eadem victis
ad versa. Nam ut superasse tan turn itineris, silvas
evasisse, transisse aestuaria pulchrum ac decorum in
frontem, ita fugientiblM periculosissima, quae hodie
prosperrima sunt. Neque enim nobis aut locorum
eadem notitia aut commeatuum eadem abundantia,
sed manus et arma, et in his omnia. Quod ad me
attinet, iam pridem mihi decretum est neque exercitus
neque ducis terga tuta esse. Proinde et honesta mors
turpi vita potior, et incolumitas ac decus eodem loco
sita sunt; nee inglorium fuerit in ipso terrarum ac
naturae fine cecidisse.

XXXIV. Si novae gentes atque ignota acies con-
stitisset, aliorum exercituum exemplis vos hortarer;
nunc vestra decora recensete, vestros oculos interrogate.
Hi sunt, quos proximo anno unam legionem furto
noctis aggressos clamore debellastis; hi ceterorum
Britannorum fugacissimi, ideoque tarn diu superstites.
Quomodo silvas saltusque penetrantibus fortissimum
quodque animal contra ruere, — pavida et inertia ipso
agminis sono pelluntur, — sic acerrimi Britannorum
iam pridem ceciderunt, reliquus est numerus ignavorum

AGRICOLA XXXIII. XXXIV. 25

et metuentium. Quos quod tandem invenistis, non
restiterunt, sed deprehensi sunt; novissimae res et
extremo metu corpora defixere aciem in his vestigiis,
in quibus pulchram et spectabilem victoriam ederetis.
Transigite cum expeditionibus, imponite quinquaginta
annis magnum diem, approbate rei publicae nunquam
exercitui imputari potuisse aut moras belli aut caussas
rebellandi.

xxxv. — xxxix. The order of battle. Desperate courage
of the Britons. Their complete defeat. Loss on both
sides. Terrible scenes on tlie battle-field. Expedition
of the Roman fleet. Agricola returns southwards.
Effect on Domitian of the news of Agricola' s successes.

XXXV. Et alloquente adhuc Agricola militum
ardor eminebat, et finem orationis ingens alacritas
consecitta est, statimque ad arma diHcursum. In-
stinctos ruentesque ita disposuit, ut peditum auxilia,
quae octo milium erant, mediam aciem firmarent,
equitum tria milia cornibus affnnderentur. Legiones
pro vallo stetere, ingens victoriae decus cjtra. Roma-
num sanguinem bellandi, et auxilium, si pellerentur.
Britannorum acies in speciem simul ac terrorem
editioribus locis constiterat ita, ut primum agmen
aequo, ceteri per acclive iugum connexi velut insur-
gerent; media campi covinnarius eques strepitu ac
discursu complebat. Turn Agricola superante hostium
multitudine veritus, ne in frontem simul et latera
suorum pugnaretur, diductis ordinibus, quamquam
pon-ectior acies futura erat, et arcessendas plerique
legiones admonebant, promptior in spem et firmus
adversis dimisso equo pedes ante vexilla constitit.

XXXVI. Ac primo congressu eminus certabatur,
simulque constantia simul arte Britanni ingentibus

26 CORNELTI TACITI

gladiis et brevibus cetris missilia nostrorum vitare vel
excutere, atque ipsi magnam vim telorum super-
fundere, donee Agricola Batavorum cohortes ac Tun-
grorum duas cohortatus est, ut rem ad mucrones»ac
inanus adducerent; quod et ipsis vetustate militiae
exercitatum et hostibus inhabile, parva scuta et enoi*-
mes gladios gerentibus. Nam Britannorum gladii
sine mucrone complexum armorum et in aperto pugnam
non tolerabant. Igitur ut Batavi miscere ictus, ferire
umbonibus, ora foedai-e, et stratis, qui in aequo astite-
rant, erigere in colles aciem coepere, ceterae cohortes
aemulatione et impetu connisae proximos quosque cae-
dere ; ac plerique semineces aut integri festinatione
victoriae relinquebantur. Interim equitum turmae
fugere, covinnarii peditum se proelio miscuere, et
quamquam recentem terrorem intulerant, densis ta-
nien hostium agminibus et inaequalibus locis hae-

Arebant; minimeque equestris ea iam pngnae facies
erat, quum aegre clivo instantes simul equorum
corporibus impellerentur ; ac saepe vagi currus, ex-
territi sine rectoribus equi, ut quemque formido
tulerat, trans versos aut obvios incursabant.

XXXVII. Et Britanni, qui adhuc pugnae ex-
pertes summa collium insederant et paucitatem nos-
trorum vacui spernebant, degredi paulatim et circum-
ire terga vincentium coejjerant, ni id ipsum veritus
Agricola quattuor equitum alas, ad subita belli
retentas, venientibus opposuisset, quantoque ferocius
accucurrerant, tanto acrius pulsos in fugam disiecisset.
Ita consilium Britannorum in ipsos versum, trans-
vectaeque praecepto ducis a fronte pugnantium alae
aversam hostium aciem invasere. Turn vero paten-
tibus locis grande et atrox spectaculum ; sequi, vulne-

AG RICO LA XXXV.— XXXIX. 27

rare, capere, atque eosdera, oblatis aliis, trucidare.
lam hostium, prout cuique ingeuium erat, catervae
armatorum paucioribus terga praestare, quidam in-
ermes ultro mere ac se morti offerre; passim ai-ma
et corpora et laceri artus et cruenta humus, et ali-
quando etiam victis ira virtusque. Postquam silvis
appropinquaverunt, collect! primos sequentium, incau-
tos et locorum ignaros, circumveniebant. Quod ni
frequens ubique Agricola validas et expeditas cobortes
iadaginis niodo, et, sicubi artiora erant, partem equi-
tum dimissis eq\iis, simul rariores silvas equitem per-
sultare iussisset, acceptum aliquod vulnus per nimiain
fiduciam foret. Ceterum ubi compositos firmis ordi-
nibus sequi rursus videre, in fugam versi non agmi-
uibus, ut prius, nee alius alium respectantes ; rari et
vitabundi invicem longinqua atque avia petiere. Finis
sequendi nox et satietas fuit. Caesa hostium ad decern
milia; nostrorum trecenti sexaginta cecidere, in quis
Aulus Atticus prsefectus cohortis, iuvenili ardore et
ferocia equi hostibus illatus.

XXXVIII. Et nox quidem gaudio praedaque
laeta victoribus. Britanni palantes mixtoque virorum
mulierumque ploratu trahere vulneratos, vocare in-
tegi-os, deserere domos ac per iram ultro incendere;
eligere latebras et statim relinquere, miscere invieem
consilia aliqua, deinde separare, aliquando frangi
aspectu pignorum suorum, saepius concitari; satisque
constabat saevisse quosdam in coniuges ac liberos,
tamquam misererentur. Proximus dies facietn victoriae
latins aperuit; vastum ubique silentium, secreti colles,
fumantia procul tecta, nemo exploratoribus obvius.
Quibus in omnem partem dimissis, ubi incerta fugae
vestigia neque usquam conglobari bostes compertum,

28 CORNELII TACITI

et exacta iam aestate spargi bellum nequibat, in fines
Borestorum exercitum deducit. Ibi acceptis obsidi-
bus, praefecto classis circuinvehi Britanniam pi-ae-
crpit. Datae ad id vires, et praecesserat terror. Ipse
peditem atque equites lento itinere, quo novarum
gentium animi ipsa transitus mora terrerentur, in
hibernis locavit; et simul classis secunda tempestate
ac fama Trutulensem portum tenuit, unde proximo
Britanniae latere lecto omni redierat.

XXXIX. Hunc rerum cursum, quamquam nulla
verborum iactantia epistolis Agricolae auctum, ut
Domitiano moris erat, fronte laetus, pectore anxius
excepit. Inerat conscientia derisui fuisse nuper falsum
e Germania triumphum, emptis per commercia, quorum
habitus et crines in captivorum speciem formarentur;
at nunc veram magnamque victoriam tot milibus
hostium caesis ingenti fama celebrari. Id sibi maxime
formidolosum, privati hominis nomen supra principis
attolli; frustra studia fori et civilium artium decus
in silentium acta, si militarem gloriam alius occuparet;
et cetera utcumque facilius dissimulari, ducis boui
imperatoriam virtutem esse. Talibus curis exercitus,
quodque saevae cogitationis indicium erat, secreto suo
satiatus, optimum in praesentia statuit reponere odium,
donee impetus famae et favor exercitus languesceret.
Nam etiamtum Agricola Britanniam obtinebat.

XL. — xlvi. a.d. 84. — a.d. 93. Recall of Agricola.
His cold reception by the Emperor. His grow-
ing popularity and consequent danger from the
Emperor's jealousy. He declines a Proconsulate.
His death; its suspicious circumstances; why oppor-
tune and to be desired. Concluding reflexions on
Agricola.

AGRICOLA XL,— XLYI. 20

XL. Igitur triumphalia ornamenta et illustris
statuae honorem, et quicquid pro triurupho datur,
multo verborum honore cunmlata, decerni iu senatu
iubet, addique insuper opinionem Syriam provinciam
Agricolae destinari, vacuam tum morte Atilii Rufi
consularis et maioribus reservatam. Credidere pleri- J**--*
que libertum ex secretioribus rainisteriis missum ad
Agvicolam codicillos, quibus ei Syria dabatur, tulisse,
cum praecepto, ut, si in Britannia foret, traderentur;
eumque libertum in ipso freto oceani obvium Agri-
colae, ne appellate quidem eo ad Domitianum re-
measse, sive verum istud, sive ex ingenio principis
fictum ac compositum est. Tradiderat interim Agri-
cola successori suo provinciam quietam tutamque.
Ac ne notabilis celebritate et frequentia occurrentium
introitus esset, vitato amicorum officio noctu in urbem,
noctu in palatium, ita ut praeceptum erat, venit, ex-
ceptusque brevi osculo et nullo sermone turbae ser-
vientium immistus est. Ceterum, ut militare nomen,
grave inter otiosos, aliis virtutibus temperaret, tran-
quillitatem atque otium penitus auxit, cultu modicus,
sermone facilis, uno aut altero amicorum comitatus,
adeo uti plerique, quibus magnos viros per ambitionem
aestimare mos est, viso aspectoque Agricola quae-
rerent famam, pauci interpretarentur.

XLI. Crebro per eos dies apud Domitianum ab-
sens accusatus, absens absolutus est. Causa periculi ~\ .
non crimen ullum aut querela laesi cuiusquam, sed ( I /
inl'ensus virtutibus princeps . et gloria viri (ac pessi-C //
mum inimicorum genus^ la'udantes. Et ea insecuta>J
sunt rei publicae tempora, quae sileri Agricolam non
binerent ; tot exercitus in Moesia Daciaque et Ger-
mania et Pannonia temeritate aut per ignaviam du-

30 CORNS LI I TACIT I

cum amissi, tot militares viri cum tot cohortibus ex-
pugnati et capti ; nee iam de limite imperii et ripa,
sed de hibernis legionum et possessions dubitatum.
Ita cum damna damnis continuarentur, atque omnia
annus funeribus et cladibus insigniretur, poscebatur
ore vulgi dux Agricola, comparantibus cunctis vi-
gorem et constantiam et expertum bellis animum
cum inertia et formidine ceterorum. Quibus ser-
monibus satis constat Domitiani quoque aures ver-
beratas, dum optimus quisque libertorum amore et
fide, pessimi malignitate et livore pronum deteriori-
bus principem exstimulabant» Sic Agricola simul suis
virtutibus, simul vitiis aliorum in ipsam gloriam
pracceps agebatur.

XLII. Aderat iam annus, quo proconsulatum
Asiae et Africae sortiretur, et occiso Civica nuper
nee Agricolae consilium deerat nee Domitiano exem-
plum. Accessere quidam cogitationum principis pe-
riti, qui iturusne esset in provinciam ultro Agricolam
interrogarent. Ac primo occultius quietem et otium
laudare, mox operam suam in approbanda excusa-
tione offerre ; jjostremo non iam obscuri suadentes
simul terrentesque pertraxere ad Domitianum. Qui
paratus simulation e, in arrogantiam compositus et
audiit preces excusantis, et quum annuisset, agi
sibi gratias passus est, nee erubuit beneficii invidia.
Salarium tamen, proconsulari solitum offerri et qui-
busdam a se ipso concessum, Agricolae non dedit,
sive offensus non petitum, sive ex conscientia, ne,
quod vetuerat, videretur emisse. Proprium humani
ingenii est odisse, quem laeseris ; Domitiani vero
natura, praeceps in iram, et quo obscurior eo irrevo-
cabilior, moderatione tamen prudentiaque Agricolae

//

AGRICOLA XL.— XLVI. 31

leniebatur, quia non contumacia neque inani iacta-
tione libertatis fainam fatumque provocabat. Sciant,
quibus moris est illicita mirari, posse etiam sub malia
principibus magnos riros esse, obsequiumque ac mo-
destiam, si industria ac vigor assint, eo laudis ex-
cedere, quo plerique per abrupta, sed in nullum rei
publicae usum, auibitiosa morte inclaruerunt. <* *

XLIII. Finis vitae eius nobis luctuosus, amicis
tristis, extraneis etiam ignotisque noD sine cura fuit.
Vulgus quoque et hie aliud agens populus et ventita-
vere ad domum et per fora et circulos locuti sunt,
nee quisquam audita morte Agricolae aut laetatus est,
aut statim oblitus. Et augebat miseratiouem cqn-
stans rumor veneno interceptum. Nobis nihil com-
perti affirmare ausim. Ceterum per omnem valetu-
dinem ems, crebrius quam ex more principatus per
nuntios visentis, et libertorum primi et medicorum
intimi venere, sive cura illud sive inquisitio erat.
Supremo quidem die momenta ipsa dencientis pei/i
dispositos cursores nuntiata constabat^ nullo credente
sie a^celerari, quae tristis audiret. Speciem tamen
doloris animo vultuque prae se tulit, securus iam odii,
et qui facilius dissimularet gaudium quam metum.
Satis constabat lecto testamento Agricolae, quo cohe-
redem optimae uxori et piissimae filiae Domitianum
scripsit, laetatum eum velut honore iudicioque. Tarn
caeca et corrupta mens assiduis adulationibus erat, ut
nesciret a bono patre non scribi heredem nisi malum
principem.

XLIV. Katus erat Agiicola Gaio Caesare ter-
tium consule Idibus Iuniis ; excessit quarto et quin-
quagesimo anno, decimo Kalendas Septembres Collega
Prihcoque consulibus. Quod si habitum quoque eius

32 CORNELII TACITI

posteri noscere velint, decentior quam sublimior
fuit ; nihil metus in vultu ; gratia oris supererat.
Bonum virum facile crederes, magnum libenter. Et
ipse quidem, quamquam medio in spatio integrae
aetatis ereptus, quantum ad gloriam, longissimum
aevum peregit ; quippe et vera bona, quae in virtuti-
M bus sita sunt, impleyerat, et consulari ac triumphali-
bus ornamentis praedito quid aliud astruere fortuna
poterat 1 Opibus nimiis non gaudebat, speciosae con-
tigerant. Filia atque uxore superstitibus potest vi-
deri etiam beatus incolumi dignitate, florente fama,
salvis affinitatibus et amicitiis futura effugisse. Nana

hsicuti durare in banc beatissimi seculi lucem ac prin-

lkipem Traianum videre quondam augurio votisque

i\y? apud nostras aures ominabatur, ita festinatae mortis

grande solatium tulit evasisse postremum illud tem-

pus, quo Doniitianus non iam per intervalla ac spira-

; menta temporum, sed continuo et velut uno ictu rem

: publicam exhausit.

XLV. Non vidit Agricola obsessam curiam et
clausum armis senatum, et eadem strage tot consu-
larium caedes, tot nobilissimamm feminarum exilia et
fngas. Una aclinic victoria Carus Metius censebatur,
et intra Albanam arcem sententia Messalini strej)ebat,
et Massa Baebius turn reus erat. Mox nostrae duxere
Helvidium in carcerem manus, nos Maurici Rusticique
visus, nos innocenti sanguine Senecio perfudit. Nero
tamen subtraxit oculos suos, iussitque scelera, non
spectavit ; praecipua sub Domitiano miseriarum pars
erat videre et aspici, quum suspiria nostra subscri-
berentur, quum denotandis tot hominum iialloribus
sufficeret saevus ille vultus et nibor, quo se contra
pudorem muniebat.

AGRICOLA XL.— XLTI. 33

Tu vero felix, Agricola, non vitae tantum claritate,
sed etiam opportunitate mortis. Ut perhibent, qui
interfuerunt novissimis sermonibus tuis, constans et
libens fatum excepisti, taraquam pro virili portione
innocentiani principi donares, Sed milii filiaeque eius
praeter acerbitatem parentis erepti auget maestitiam,
quod assidere valetudini, fovere deficientem, satiari
vultu coiuplexuque non contigit. Excepissemus certe
mandata vocesque, quas penitus animo figerernus.
Xoster hie dolor, nostrum vulnus ; nobis turn longae
absentiae condicione ante quadriennium amissus e-
Omnia sine dubio, optime parentum, assidente amantf
tissima uxore superfuere bonori tuo ; paucioribus t#
men lacrimis compositus es, et novisskna in luce
desideravere aliquid oculi tui.

XL VI. Si quis piorum manibus locus, si, utsa-
pientibus placet, non cum corpore extinguuntur mag-
nae aniniae, placide quiescas, nosque, domum tuam,
ab infirmo desiderio et muliebribus lamentis ad con-
templationem virtutum tuarum voces, quas neque
lugeri neque plangi fas est. Admiratione te potius
quam temporalibus laudibus, et, si natura suppeditet,
aemulalione decoremus. Is verus honos, ea coniunc- >v>~»'
tissimi cuiusque pietas. Id filiae quoque uxorique
praeceperim, sic patris, sic mariti memoriam venerari,
ut omnia facta dictaque eius secum revolvant, formam-
que ac figuram animi niagis quam corpoi'is com])lec-
tantur ; non quia intercedendum putem imaginibus,
quae marmore aut aere finguntur ; sed ut vultus
bominum, ita simulacra vultus imbecilla ac niortalia
sunt, forma mentis aeterna, quam tenere et exprimere
non per alienam materiam et artem, sed tuis ipse
moribus possis. Quicquid ex Agricola amavimus,
t. a. 3

34 CORNELII TACITI, dec.

quicquid mirati sumus, manet mansurumque est in
artimis homiuum, in aeternitate temporum, faina re-
ram. Nam multos veterum velut inglorios et igno-
biles oblivio obruit ; Agricola posteritati narratus et
tz*aditus superstes erit.

y

j

f

NOTES.

CHAPTER I.

t. AntiquitUS USitatum.] Usilatum is in attribution to
tlie noun -infinitive tradere, tradere being the object of the verb
omisit.

2. Quamquam.] The word is commonly used to introduce
a distinct clause; 'quamvis' is generally employed to qualify a
single word.

3- InCUlioSa SUOrum.l ' Neglectful of its own sons,' not
'glories.' Comp. Ann. 11. 88, Vetera extollimus, recentium in-
cu.riosi; also Hor. C. III. 24, 31 — 2, virtutem incolumem, odimus,
sublatam ex oculis quaerimus invidi.

4- SupergreSSa est.] 'Has risen superior to;' has past
into a region which invidia cannot reach. Comp. Ann. XIV. 54,
invidia infra tuam magnitudinem jacet.

$. Ignorantiam recti et invidiam.] 'Blindness and

hostility to goodness ' (C and B). It is very doubtful, however,
whether invidiam is to be connected with recti. The expression
'invidia recti' would scarcely be allowable. The rectum (right)
which the multitude are incapable of discerning is not exactly
the aspect of virtue against which invidia is felt. And yet the
presence of the singular vitiura in the preceding clause compels
us to join the two phrases. Rectum is equivalent here to virtus.
Comp. Hist. in. 51, exempla recti, and iv. 5, recti pervicax.

6. Pronum magisque in aperto.] ' Pronum' expresses

the inclination of the will; 'in aperto' the favouring circum-
stances. Or we may take both phrases as referring to the cir-
cumstances ; the path to virtue was pronus, sc. not arduus, and
in aperto. sc. not impeditus.

7- Sine gratia aut ambitione.] 'Without partiality or

self-seeking.' ' Gratia' expresses the bias felt by a writer possibly
towards unworthy persons ; 'ambitio' the unprincipled desire for
advancement which would betray him into flattery.

3—2

3G CORNELII TACITI AG RICO LA.

8. Conscientiae.] Comp. the use of the word in ch. 1,
cnnscienliam generis humani, and 42, aive ex conscientia, ne quod
vetuerat videretur einisse. ' Bonae conscientiae pretium' is the
feeling that they had acted rightly.

Q- Ipsi.] 'Ipsorum' would be more strictly grammatical,
but would clash unpleasantly with 'morum' later on in the sen-
tence. The nominative 'ipsi' is borrowed from what would he
the equivalent conditional clause, 'Si suam ipsi vitam narrarent.'
Comp. Sallust, Jug. 18, exercitus, amisso duce, ac passim multis
sibi quisque imperium petentibus, brevi dilabitur.

10. Citra fidem.] That which falls short of (citra) or goes
beyond (ultra) belief (fides) does not meet with credit. Comp.
Germ. 16, citra speciem = falling short of beauty. For the sub-
ject of autobiography generally comp. Cic. Episl. ad Fam. v. 12,
where the writer says that if his friend Lucceius cannot write
about him, he must write about himself, and would have good
precedents in doing so, and continues thus: Sed quod te non
fugit, haee sunt in hoc genere vitia ; et verecundius ipsi de
sese scribant necesse est si quid est laudandum, et praetereant si
quid reprehendendum est. Accedit etiam ut minor sit fides,
minor auctoritas, etc.

ir. At nunc narraturo •••tempora.] Comp. Iikt.1.1,

Ambitionem scriptoris facile averseris, livor et detrectatio pronis
auribus accipiuntur. Tacitus feels that he might rely on the ac-
ceptance which satire and invective always meet with, and need
not, had these, and not praise, been his theme, have asked for
indulgence. The use of the perfect 'fuit' may be best expressed
by such a paraphrase as ' Before I begin to relate I have found it
necessary, etc.' The 'tempora' are the times of Domitian. For
'incusaturus' Bitter reads ' incursaturus.' He refers the 'nunc'
to Domitian's days, makes 'venia' equivalent to 'leave,' and
supposes ' incursaturus ' to mean ' likely to offend.' Tacitus thus
is made to say that he would not have asked for a permission
which would have been likely to offend a regime (tempora) that
was hostile to virtue. 'Fuit' would then be equivalent to
' fuisset.' For the expression ' infesta virtutibus' comp. Cic.
Orat. ad Brut. 10. Hoc sum aggressus, statim Catone absolute),
quern nunquam attigissem, tempora timens inimica virtuti ; a
curious parallel to the sentiment of this chapter.

CHAFTER II.

r. LeginiUS.] Most probably this means 'we read,' or 'it
is recorded in history.' But it may be opposed to 'vidimus,'
and imply that Tacitus was himself absent and heard only of
these occurrences. Kritz refers it to the Acta Diurna, and would
understand by it, ' it was positively recorded (so evil were the

NOTES. 37

times) in official documents' (as we might say in the Gazette).
This seems a far-fetched explanation, and the passage which he
quotes from Dion Cassius (lxvii. i i) tells against it, as it states
that in his later years Dornitian forbad the names of his victims to
be inscribed in the acta.

-• Triumviris.] These were the 'triumviri capitales,' who
combined some of the duties of our police magistrates and our
sheriffs.

3- Comitio ac foro.] The comitium was part of the
forum. A certain solemnity is given to the sentence by the
use of the two words. Comp. the use of Romani Quirites.

4- Scilicet.] The word is used ironically. 'They fancied,
forsooth.'

5- Conscieiltiam.] 'The approving knowledge.' It was
hoped that, all records of these actions being destroyed, mankind
could never express its approval of them. This is a step towards
the meaning which our word ' conscience' has now reached.

6. Arbitrabantur.] Sc. Dornitian and his satellites.

7- Expulsis insuper, &C] Comp. Plin. Ejpp. III. n,
quum essent pkiiosopki ab urbe summoti.

8. Omni bona arte, &C.] Comp. Plin. Panegyr. 47, quum
sibi vitiorum omnium conscius princeps inimicas vitiis artes non
odio magis quam reverentia relegaret.

9- Ultimum.] Sc. the last point that could be reached,
' the extreme.'

10. Adempto per inquisitiones, &c] By Mnquisitiones'

is meant the espionage of the informer, which made men afraid
either to speak their own thoughts or to listen to the thoughts of
others.

CHAPTER III.

1. Nerva Caesar.] This passage marks the date of this
work, or, at least, of these prefatory chapters, as being between
the adoption of Trajan by Nerva (whence the name Nerva Tra-
janus) and Nerva's death. In Hist. 1. 1, we read of Divus
Nerva. Nerva adopted Trajan towards the end of A.D. 97, and
died Jan. 27 in the followiug year.

2. Principatum.] ' Principatus ' is the form of govern-
ment which puts a ' Princeps' (in the case of Home it was a
' Princeps Senatus') at the head of the state. Comp. Hist. 1. 1,

principatum. Divi Nervae, where, as here, there may be some
allusion to the specially civil character of Nerva's rule.

38 CORNELII TACITI AGRICOLA.

3- Temporum.] This is the reading of the MSS., which
Ritter alters into imperii, in ordei to complete the parallel
between this and the passage quoted above, in which we have
imperium Trajani. Comp. however, Hist. I. i, rara temporum
felicitate.

4- SeCUritaS publica.] The personified Fortune of the
state. The figure of a goddess bearing this name is found on
coins of the Antonine period.

5- Nec spem modo ac VOtum, etc.] ' Has not only our
hopes and good wishes' (0 and B). This rendering has the ad-
vantage of giving a meaning to ' assumpserit,' which comprehends
both of its objects 'spem ac votum,' and 'ipsius voti fiduciam et
robur.' But the hopes and good wishes may be those of the
'Securitas publica' for herself. We must then supply out of
'assumpserit' some such notion as ' conceperit,' and render 'has
only conceived hopes, &c. but secured' ('assumpserit') &c.

6. Ipsius VOti.] ' Of the wish itself,' i. e. of the thing
wished for, fiduciam et robur, possibly an hendiadys for 'strong
assurance ;' or it may be rendered ' the certainty and substance.'

7- Robur.] ' Substance.' It is used somewhat similarly for
'the heart' or 'the best part,' as in 'robur militum.' Cic. Epist.
ad Fam. x. 33.

8. Ingenia StudiaQUe.] ' Genius and its pursuits '
(Candi?)

9> Quindecim annOS.] The fifteen years of Domitian's
reign, A.D. 81 — 96.

10. Quid, Si- • -non tamen.] The connection is ' in spite of
these losses, the removal of our best men, and the injury suffered
by ourselves, yet we shall not regret to have told, &c.'

11. PromptissimUS quisque.] 'The most energetic,'
' the most ready (promptus) for what had to be done.' Comp.
Sail. Cat. 7, iDgenium in promptu habet.

12. Nostri superstates.] Sc. surviving our own powers.
The meaning is, ' only a few of us are left, and we are not what
we were.'

13- JuveiieS ad senectutem.] Tacitus includes himself
in this class. See on this subject his Life prefixed to this edition.

14. Servitutis.] An obvious correction of the reading of the
MSS. which is 'senectutis.'

15- Non tamen pigebit, etc.] This must be taken to
refer to the Ilistoriae, on which Tacitus was already engaged.

NOTES. 39

1 6. Interim.] 'Meanwhile,' i.e. till the more important
work is executed.

i". HonOli Agricolae, &C.] The writer's is not now, so
to speak, a political object, but it is to do honour to a good man.
He thus returns to the subject announced in the first chapter.

18. ProfeSSione pietatis.] Sc. on the strength of its
shewing filial regard.'

CHAPTER IV.

1. Forojuliensium COlonia.] Now Fre"jus, about 25
miles S.W. of Nice. It was named after its founder C. Julius
Caesar.

2. Caesaris.] This reading seems preferable to 'Caesarum.'
Both grandfathers were probably Procurators under Augustus,
the father having been made a Senator by Tiberius.

3- Quae equestris nobilitas est.] There is some

difficulty about these words. Wex considers them to be spurious
on the ground that really distinguished equites, such as are
called primores equitum (Hist. I. 4) and equites dignifcate senatoria
(Ann. xvi. 17), looked down upon the office of Procurator. In
support of this view he quotes the latter passage which seems
to imply that Mela, who was an eques dignitate Senatoria, was
thought to have acted strangely when he accepted a Procurator-
ship for the sake of making a speedy fortune. Kritz, on the other
hand, affirms that the office was bestowed only on the more dis-
tinguished members of the equestrian order. If the words are
genuine they must mean that the circumstance of having one or
both grandfathers a Procurator constituted equestrian nobility.
The term 'nobilis' was opposed to 'novus homo,' and' meant
strictly a man whose father or ancestor had risen to a curule
magistracy. The dignity of a Procuratorship would constitute a
corresponding 'nobilitas' among the equites.

+• Fllit.] This is the conjecture for ' Julii,' the reading of
theMSS.

5- MerituS.] 'Earned.' There is an irony in the ex-
pression very characteristic of Tacitus.

6. In hujUS Sinu-educatur.] 'Brought up by her side
with fond affection ' (C and B) ; 'in sinu' means that his mother's
personal care was bestowed upon him. Comp. Dial, de Orat. 28,
filius, ex casta parente natus, non in cella emptae nutricis sed
gremio ac sinu matris educabatur. The strictly classical usage of
'indulgentia' is in its favourable sense, but Quintilian 1. 2 em-
ploys it in the other, 'mollis ilia educatio quam indulgentiam
vocamu8.'

40 CORNEL1I TAGITI AGRICOLA.

7- PeCCajltium.] 'Peccare' denotes here 'sins of licen-
tiousness,' as commonly in the Roman poets ; comp. Hor. C. ill.
xix. 20, peccare docentes historias.

8. Sedem ac magistram.] 'The scene and guide' (C and B).
The place is said, as, by a common metaphor, Oxford or Cam-
bridge might be said, to have guided his studies.

9- Locum- •• composition.] The 'comitas' (courtesy or
refinement) prevented the rudeness which might have attached
otherwise to the 'parsimonia.' For 'parsimonia' comp. Ann. in.
55, novi homines, e municipiis et coloniis atque etiam provinces
in senatum adsumpti, domesticam parsimoniam, intulerunt. For
the character of Massilia comp. Cic. pro Flacco, id, neque te,

Massilia, praetereo Cujus ego civitatis disciplinam non solum

Graeciae sed haud scio an cunctis gentibus anteponendam jure
dicam, etc., and Ann. iv. 44, where we are told that Augustus
banished Lucius Antonius to Massilia, ubi specie studiorum
nomen exilii tegeretur.

10. AcrillS liausisse.] The meaning seems to be that
Agricola had conceived and would have continued to indulge
this passion, had not his mother checked it. Comp. for the
elliptical construction, ch. 37, Britanni degredi...coeperant, ni
Agricola quatuor equitum alas venientibus opposuisset ; i. e. the
Britons had begun to descend and would have continued to do so
had not Agricola so acted. Orelli takes ' acrius ' as an adjective
agreeing with 'studium.' Perhaps it is better to consider it an
adverb qualifying 'hausisse.'

ii- Pmdentia matris.] Comp. Suet. Nero, 52, a philo-
sophia eum mater avertit monens imperaturo contrariam esse.

12. Scilicet.] ' It was the case of/

13. Speciem.] Species may have it» common meaning of
' beauty ;' or it may have its philosophical sense of ' ideal ' (t5^a),
as in Cic. Orat. ad Brut. 5, insidebat in ejus mente species elo-
quentiae, quam cernebat animo, re ipsa non videbat.

14- Vehementius quam caute.] The classical usage

would be ' vehementius quam cautius. ' Tacitus generally follows
this, but sometimes has that of the text, as Hist. 1. 83, Tumultus
proximi initium pietas vestra acrius quam considerate excitavit.

15- MOX mitigavit aetas.] '(Maturer) reason and

(advancing) age mellowed his temper.'

16- Modum.] Aristotle's rb niffov. Comp. Hor. Sat. I.
i. 106, Est modus in rebus, and Ep. 1. vi. 15, Insani sapiens
nomen ferat, aequus iniqui, Ultra quam satis est virtutem si
petat ipsam.

NOTES. 41

CHAPTER V.

I. Prima Castrorum rudimeilta.] ' His military appren-
ticeship' (C and B). 'Castra' i3 used for 'military service,' as
in ch. 1 6, nullis castrorum, experiments.

i- Approbavit.] Sc. so served as to satisfy.

3< Suetonio Paullino.] For Tacitus' opinion of this
geDeral comp. Hist. II. 15, cunctator natura, &c, and II. 31,
nemo ilia tempestate rei militaris callidior hababatur.

4- Coiltubernio aestimaret.] ' Contubernio aestimare'
is to form a judgment of character by the opportunities of close
companionship. The practice may be compared to the relation
in which in our service an aide-de-camp stands to his general
officer. Comp. Sail. Jug. 64, in contubernio patris militabat,
Hist. I. 23, contubeiTiales appellando, where Otho wishes to make
his military audience feel that there is a tie of intimacy between
himself and them.

5- Neque Agricola rettulit] The general meaning

is, that Agricola did not use the facilities afforded by his rank
either to procure enjoyment or escape from duty. His rank
(titulus) with one disposed to indulgence (expressed by licenter)
would have given opportunities for pleasure (voluptates). On the
other hand, haa he been idly disposed (expressed by segniter),
his inexperience (inscitia), i. e. the fact that he was of little use,
would have made it easy to get leave of absence (commeatus).
' Rettulit' may be rendered by 'employed svith a viesv to,' &c. ;
'referre ad aiiquid' being equivalent to our expression 'to
refer to an end;' comp. Plan. Epp. I. 22, nihil ad ostentationem,
omnia ad conscientiatn refert. For 'commeatus' comp. Ann.
XV. 10, reliquas legiones promiscuis commeatibus infirmaverat.

6. Nihil appetere in jactationem.] 'To attempt nothing

for display ' ( C and B) ; or more exactly, perhaps. ' to seek for no
service with a view to display ;' ' appetere ' being opposed to
' recusare.'

7- AnxiUS et intentUS.] ' Ca-eful and vigilant' (C and B) ;
or ' careful and energetic.' He was full of thought before the
time of action, and when the time was come wholly occupied
with what he was doing. 'Intentus' gives the idea of the full
tension of energy.

8. Excitatior.] This is the conjecture of Buchner, which
•we have followed Kritz in adopting instead of ' exercitatior.' It
means 'more excited,' and would seem the natural expression of
Tacitus in speaking of the native tribes ; cxercitatiw would apply
rather to the Roman province.

42 CORNELII TACITI AGRICOLA.

9- TniCidati Veterani.] Comp. ch. 16, where Boadicea's
attack on Camalodunum is described. Some veterans appear to
have been settled in this colony. It was, in fact, the only real
colonia in Britain, but the word is used loosely of important
towns ; comp. note on aegra municipia, ch. 32.

10. Intersepti.] Armies would be said to be 'intersepti'
when they were prevented from joining the main body ; comp.
Hist. ill. 53, Intersepta Germanorum Khaetorumque auxilia.
We have followed the reading of the MSS. though perhaps
intercepti, 'cut off' or ' surprised,' gives a sense agreeing better
with the description of the revolt.

J 1. Cessit in dlicem.] ' Fell to the share of the general.'

12. TempOlibuS.] It is best to take this as a dative de-
pending on ingrata. Kritz considers it to be an ablative, though
he quotes ch. 31, ' virtus subjectorum ingrata imperantibus.,

13- Quibus sinistra-interpretatio.] Kritz would sup-
ply 'ejus, i.e. 'militaris gloriae,' and render in which there is,
in the case of eminent men, a sinister interpretation put on
military glory. This seems far-fetched and disproved by the
position of ' sinistra.' It is better to join the word to ' erga
eminentes.'

CHAPTER VI.

1 • HinC.] Sc. ' from or after these services. '

2. NatalibuS.] 'Lineage,' a post- Augustan use of the
word.

3. DeCUS.! 'Distinction.' The word here means the re-
flected lustre that comes to a man from great connections.

4- Per mutuam caritatem.] Orelli takes 'per' to signify
time, as if ' in continuous mutual affection ' was meant. It seems
better to take it as causal Their affection was the cause of then-
singular harmony.

5- Nisi quod laUS.l 'However, the good wife de-
serves the greater praise' (G and B). 'Nisi quod' is Tacitus'
comment on the praise which he has been bestowing on Agricola
in the previous sentence. He guards himself from being supposed
to say that the husband and wife deserve equal commendation. In
his view the good wife deserves more.

6. SorS Quaesturae.] The Quaestors were appointed, and
then drew lots for their destinations.

7- SalviuS TitianUS.] He was the elder brother of M.
Otho, afterwards Emperor. Comp. Hist. I. 75, 77.

NOTES. 43

S. Mutuam dissimulationem.] ' A mutual concealment
of guilt ' (0 and B). Comp. Hist. I. 72, fiaa impunitatis, and
Plin. .£>/>. IX. 13, Senatus severus in ceteros senatoribus solis
dissimulatione quasi mutua parceret.

9. Sllbsidium.] This possibly refers to the advantage
which a candidate derived from having children. Comp. Ann. 11.
51, plerique nitebantur ut numerus liberorum in candidatis prae-
pollercl. This would be to carry out the provisions of the lex
Papia Poppaea. We prefer to give it a more general signification.

10. Sublatum.] 'Born,' a phrase derived from the custom
by which a Koman father took up (sustulit) the child whom he
acknowledged, and wished to rear.

n. Brevi amisit.] This does not necessarily mean what
Ritter understands by it, that the son died before the daughter
was born. In that case we should rather have expected ' ami-
serat.' The daughter was a 'subsidium,' as increasing his family,
and when he lost his son became a ' solatium.'

12. Quibus inertia fuit.] Comp. Tacitus' account of

Galba, Hist. I. 49, metus temporum obtentui fuit, ut quod
segntiia erat sapientia vocaretur. In Agricola's case the 'segnitia'
was of course assumed.

13- Tenor et Silentium.] ' Consistent quietude ' (C and B);
' tenor' is the correction of the MS. reading ' certior.'

14- Neque enim jurisdictio obvenerat.] There were

twelve or more praetors, two of whom only, the praetor urbanu3
and the praetor peregrinus, had judicial functions. Agricola did
not happen to hold either office.

15- Ludos et inania honoris . . . duxit.] 'The games

and the pageantry of his office he ordered according to the mean '
(Candi?). It is possible that 'ducere' may be equivalent to
'edere,' with special reference to the procession, the notion of
which would be included in the word 'ludi,' and which would be
expressed by the phrase ' ducere pompam.' It seems better, how-
ever, to connect 'duxit' closely with ' medio,' as if Tacitus meant
to say ' he conducted them along the middle course.' Putter con-
siders it to be equivalent to 'arbitratus est,' but to make out
this view he has to adopt the violent course of substituting for
'medio rationis' Lipsius' conjecture of moderationis.

16. Famae propior.] Sc. rather gaining distinction from
them than otherwise. Though the exhibition was not prodigally
ostentatious, there was enough splendour about it to attract admi-
ration. Tacitus, it will be remembered, was himself praetor, and
in that capacity presided over the Ludi Saeculares exhibited by
Domitian, a.d. 88. See Ann. XL 11, where he mentions this of
himself.

U CORNELII TACITI AG RIG OLA.

r7- ElectllS a Galba.] For an account of a similar mea-
sure of Galba's comp. Hist. I. 20, where we hear of the appoint-
ment of commissioners charged with the duty of recovering some
of the prodigal bounties -of Nero.

i8- Sensisset.] The force of the pluperfect may be thus
explained. He so ordered things that when his office was dis-
charged it might be said that the State had received no injury
(or, it may mean, had contracted no guilt), except from the irre-
mediable wrongs which Nero had inflicted. Comp. Plin. Pancg.
40, 'Idem effecisti ne malos principes habuissemus.' Under
Trajan's rule the evils of former misrule had ceased to exist.
By a bold figure Rome — so entirely had she recovered — might
be said, not even to have had bad Emperors.

CHAPTER VII.
r. Nam classis Othoniana, etc.] For the account of

these events see Hist. 11. 12, 13. Tacitus would probably have
heard the details which he there gives from his father-in-law.

2. Licenter.] 'For purposes of plunder.'

3- IntemelioS.] NowVintimiglia, about twelve miles E.
of Monaco.

4- Quae Causa CaediS fuerat.] We should rather expect
'quod.' .But the meaning is that whatever of her moveable inhe-
rited property she had on the spot was plundered, and that it
was this that had invited the crime.

5- Solemnia pietatlS.] ' The solemn duties of filial affec-
tion.' The funeral would have been performed hastily, but some
of the ceremonies could be repeated with more solemnity. Comp.
Cic. pro Cluent. 9, where we are told of a mother, who finding
that her son was dead, and his corpse already burnt, repeated the
funeral rites (de integro funus jam sepulto fiHo fecit).

6. Affectati a Vespasiano imperii.] This event took

place in the beginning of July, a.D. 69 ; see Mist. II. 79.
7- DeprehensUS;] * Overtaken.'

MucianUS.] Comp. Hist. iv. n, 'Muciamus urbem in-
gressus cuncta simul in se traxit.' For the character of Vespa-
sian's chief lieutenant see Hist. 11. 5.

8. Ex paterna fortuna, etc.] ' From his father's eleva-
tion seeking merely to practise (usurpare) licentiousness.' Comp.
Hist. IV. 2, ' stupris et adulteriis filium Principis agebat.'

9- Juvene admodum Domitiano.] Comp. Mist. in. 70,

where Flavius Sabinus speaks of him as filium Vespasiani vix
puberem. He was in his eighteenth year.

XOTES. 45

to. Vicesimae legioni.] This was one of the legions sta-
tioned in Britain. Comp. Hist. I. 60. For the feeliug of the
troops about Vespasian, comp. Hist. III. 44.

11. DeCeSSOr.] Sc. Roscius Coelius.

i-!. Legatis COnSlllaribuS.] These were the chief officers
of the province. Each legion had its own legatus praetorius.

13- Nimia.] 'Too strong.' Comp. Veil. Paterc. II. 32,
'esse Cn. Pompeium nimium jam liberae reipublicae.'

14- Successor Simul et Ultor.] For a similar conjunc-
tion of words comp. Hist. 1. 40, scelus, cujus vllor est quis'ptis
successit.

CHAPTER VIII.

1 • VettillS Z OlanUS.] Compare his character as described
in ch. 26.

i- Feroci provincia dignum est.] The present 'est'

is used either because the statement is meant to apply to any
province, or because Britain still at the time of writing merited
the same epithet. 'Esset' and 'erat' have been conjectured.
For the epithet 'ferox' (high-spirited) comp. ch. II, plus ferociae
Britanni praeferunt.

3. Vim.] 'Energy,' rather than 'military strength,' as
Kritz makes it to be.

4- Ne incresceret.] 'That he might not grow too great.'

5- Consularem.] Sc. 'legatum.'

6. Ex eventu.] On the strength of the result.

7- In SUam famam.] 'With a view to his own fame.'
Comp. ch. 5, 'nihil appetere in jactationem.''

8. Ad aiictorem et ducem.] The meaning of 'auctor' is
illustrated in Germ. 14, where a chieftain's comrades are said sua
fortia facta gloriae ejus assignare.

9- Extra invidiam.] Like the Greek expression Zktos
tt65' ?xet"- Comp. Hist. I. 49, ' Galbae medium ingenium, magis
extra vitia quam cum virtutibus.'

CHAPTER IX.

1« Revertentem.] ' As he was returning.' It is possible
that he did not return to Rome, but stopped on the way at his
command in Aquitania.

46 CORNELII TACIT I AGRIGOLA.

1- Inter patriciOS aSCivit.] Comp. for the phrase Ann.
XI. 25, 'Iisdem diebus in numerum patriciorum ascivit Caesar
vetustissimum quemque e senatu, etc' The passage is worthy of
note as showing the exhaustion, indicated by the new names'
which we meet with in Tacitus, of the old and even of the more
recent Roman aristocracy,

3-_ Spleildidae dignitatis.] A genitive of quality. For
a similar construction comp. in this chapter, egregiae spei filiam.

4- Administratione.] ' From the importance of its duties.'

5- Spe COnSUlatuS.] Galba had passed in like manner
from the government of Aquitania to the consulship. Comp.
Suet. Galba, 6.

6. Subtilitatem.] Sc. the faculty of drawing nice distinc-
tions.

7- SeCUra.] ' Summary,' sc. that has not the fear of appeals
before it. 'Obtusior,' 'somewhat blunt,' sc. careless of refine-
ments, aiming at practical rather than theoretical justice.

8. Calliditatem.] The word is here used in a bad sense,
as Cic. De Off. 1. 19, 'Scientia quae est remota a justitia calli-
ditas potius quam sapientia est appellanda. '

9- Quamvis inter tOgatoS.] That is, though acting as
a judge among civilians, who would be keen to detect faults and
possibly prejudiced. For this use of togatos comp. Hist. 11. 20,
togatos adloqueretur.

10. Jam vero.] 'And besides;' comp. ch. 21, Jam vero
principum filios erudire.

H. Divisa.] 'Were kept distinct.' Comp. for the use of
the words 'curie,' ' remissiones,' in contrast Dial, de Orat 28,
ac non studia modo curasque, sed remissiones etiam.

12 Conventus.] 'Days of session,' when the more im-
portant trials would be taken.

1 3- Persona.] An affectation ; a character artificially kept
up as on the stage.

14- Tristitiam-.-eXUerat.] 'He was altogether without.'
Comp. Ann. vi. 25, Agrippina feminarum vitia exuerat. 'Avaritia
must mean something that might coexist with the integritas and
abstinentia spoken of below ; as, e.g. an excess in strictness
about the revenue, the fault of Galba, who is said to have been
publicae pecuniae avarus.

15- Referre.] 'To mention ;' comp. Hist. 1. 30, neque enim
relatu virtutum in comparatione Othonis opus est.

NOTES. 47

16. Cui saepe etiam boni indulgent.] Comp. Hist.

IV. 16, quando etiam sapientibw cupido gloriae novissima acuilur,
and Milton, Lycidas.

Fame

The last infirmity of noble mind.

The sentiment seems to have been a current one among the Stoics
and due originally to Plato.

J 7- CollegaS.] Sc. those in command of neighbouring
provinces.

18. PrOCUratOlibUS.] Either in other provinces or in his
own. With these office™, as having special charge of the revenue,
the legate might easily come into collision.

19. Atteri.] 'To get the worst of it,' 'to suffer some

20. Minus triennium.] From three to five years was the
ordinary duration of a governor's term of office. Comp. Dio
Cass. Lil, Kal apx^Tucrav M7JT£ 1\o.ttov irQv rpiQw (el /xrj rts ddiKr)-
fftii ti) /ir] vXeiov wevre.

«I. Statim ad spem.] Statim conveys the idea that the
expectation was immediate ; grammatically it is joined to 'revo-
catus.'

22. Dari.] 'Wll being offered to him;' sc. that it was
understood that he was to have it after his consulship.

23. Elegit.] The meaning is that sometimes common
report causes a man to be chosen, secures his selection.

24- Tum.] Eitter alters the word to jam, quite unneces-
sarily. 'Turn,' he thinks, would imply that the spes was not
fulfilled. But it may well mean ' even then.'

CHAPTER X.

1. MultiS SCriptoribuS.] A Dative ; as in ch. 2, quum
Aruleno Rustico, etc. Of these writers Caesar, Livy, and the
elder Pliny would be the chief.

2. In COmparationem, etc.] 'To challenge a comparison.'

3- Perdomita est.] Comp. Hist. 1. 1, Britannia perdomiia
et statim missa.

4- Ita quae, etc.] ' So it follows that what those who
wrote before this time (priores) embellished, &c.'

5- Kerum fide.] On the evidence of facts.

48 CORNELII TACITI AGRICOLA.

6. Romana notitia.] ' Roman geography.'

7- Spatio ac COelo, etc.] 'Spatium' means 'extent,'
'coelum, 'geographical position,' as astronomically and scienti-
fically determined. There is a reference to the division of the
earth into zones. It seems that Tacitus (in common with other
writers) believed both Spain and Germany to extend much fur-
ther to the north than they actually do. On this supposition his
meaning in this sentence would be that Britain lies opposite to
Spain on the west, to Germany on the east, and to Gaul on the
south ; but that in the two former cases the distance is so con-
siderable that the fact has to be inferred from certain considera-
tions (expressed by the words spatio ac coelo), whereas in the case
of Gaul it was a matter of ocular demonstration, Gallis etiam
inspicitur. It will be remembered that Tacitus included Scandi-
navia in what he called Germany.

8. Nullis COIltra terris.] Comp. Caesar, B. G. II. 14,
Tertium latus est contra Septemtrionem, cui parti nulla est
objecta terra.

9« Oblongae SCUtulae, etc.] It is not easy to see what
conception Tacitus had loixned of the shape of Britain. He
seems to have shared the passion for discovering resemblances
common to the ancient geographers. It has been doubted whe-
ther scutula means a ' dish,' or a mathematical figure ; and,
taking the later supposition, whether it signifies a rhombus, a
rhomboid, or a trapezium. We incline to the latter opinion,
and may imagine the southern shore to be the longest side of
the trapezium. The opposite or northern boundary would be
the shortest. This figure would bear some resemblance to the
bipennis, if we suppose the iron head only of that weapon to be
intended. But from this northern boundary, which one might
have supposed to be the extreme limit of the country (eoclremo jam
littore) there extended a vast projection, narrowing in a wedge-
like shape (in cuneum). Excluding Caledonia (citra Caledoniani)
the country was like a scutula or bipennis.

10. In universum fama est transgressa.] The MSS.

favour the reading ' in universum,' which the sense seems to
demand. Because this resemblance is real as to part of the
island, it has been supposed to be so about the whole. ' Uni-
versis,' which Orelli reads, and which he interprets in this way,
can hardly bear such a meaning. Kritz reads ' transgressis, '
which he takes to mean 'among those who have crossed over
[from the continent into Britain].' This strikes us as a very
questionable rendering.

1 1- Hanc Oram.] i.e. the wedge-like projection of northern
Britain.

1 2. Novissimi mails.] The furthest sea. Comp. Hist. V.

NOTES. 49

2. norissima Libyae, sc. the farthest part of Africa towards the
East,

13. Dispecta.] ' Seen from a distance.'

14- Thule.] Probably not Iceland, but Mainland, the chief
of the Shetlands.

15. HactenUS jUSSUm.] 'Their orders were to go so far
[and no further].'

16. Minus appetebat.] ' Was approaching,' a frequent
use of the word. We have followed the reading of Kritz who
corrects the statement of Orelli about the MSS.

17- Ne ventis quidem perinde _ attolli.] 'Not «'m

raised by the winds as much as other seas.'

18. Contiliui maris.] 'Sea unbroken by land.'

19. Fluminum.] These 'flumina' are currents of the sea,
locally called ' races.'

"so. Ferre.] The word is here used absolutely; comp.
Caesar, B. G. in. 15, quo ventus ferebat.

ai. Accrescere ac resorbeil] ' Flow and ebb.'

■22. Littore terms.] ' Up to the shore and no further.'

■23. PenitUS.] 'Far inland.'

'4- Inseri.] Used in a middle sense, ' makes its way.'

CHAPTER XI.

t. Ut inter barbaros.] 'As might be expected among
barbarians.'

2. Panim COmpertum.] Comp. ch. 10, nondum comperta.

3- Habitus COrpOrum.] Comp. Germ. 4, habitus corporum
...idem, and ch. 5, corporibus habitum dedit. It may be ren-
dered 'physical characteristics.'

4- Ex eo.] Sc. from the fact that they are various.

?• Rutilae Caledoniam, etc.] Comp. Germ. 4, [Gernia-

noruin] rutilae comae, magna corpora.

6. Colorati.] 'Dark-coloured,' 'sun-burnt.'
7- Torti.] 'Curly.'

8. Posita Contra Hispania.] Comp. preceding chapter,
on the supposed extent of Spain in a northerly direction. The
Silures inhabited Wales.

9. Proximi Gallis, etc.] ' Those who are nearest to the
Gauls also resemble them.'

50 CORNELII TACITI AGRIGOLA.

io. PrOCUrrentibllS in diversa.] Neighbouring countries
jutting out in different directions (in diversa) would approximate
very closely, would occupy nearly the same positio coeli, and so
would be subject to nearly the same climatic influences.

ii. In universum aestimanti.] Comp. Germ. 6, in uni-

versum aestimanti plus apud peditem robur.

12. Superstitionum persuasiones.] Sc. 'superstitious

beliefs.' The meaning is that both the same rites (sacra) and the
same beliefs prevailed in Britain as in Gaul. Comp. Caes. B. G.
VI. 1$. 'Superstitio' denoted to a Roman ' any foreign religious
belief.' The reading of the MSS. ' persuasione ' (retained by
Chelli) hardly admits of explanation.

15. In deposcendis-formido.] Comp. Caesar B. G. m.
16, Ut ad beJla suscipienda Gallorutn alacer ac promptus est
animus, sic mollis ac minime resistens ad calamitates perferendas
mens eorum est.

i4- Fraeferunt] 'Display.'

is- Gallos quoque in bellis floruisse, etc.] Comp. Caesar,

B. G. passim, and Cic. De Prov. Consul. 13, Nemo de Republic»
nostra sapienter cogitavit jam inde ac principio hujus imperii,
quin Galliam maxiine timendam huic imperio putaret.

16. QualeS Galli fuerunt.] Kritz takes Galli to be the
complement not the subject of the sentence, and would translate
' such as they were when Gauls.' This seems unnecessary. The
meaning is plain enough, if we suppose Tacitus to say — the Gauls
before they were conquered were great warriors; but military
spirit is incompatible with servitude. Servitude has destroyed it
in the Gauls, has not yet done so with all the Britons ; many of
them still remain what the Gauls were.

CHAPTER XII.

i. Et CUrm proeliantur.] Tacitus' meaning is that their
troops generally consisted of infantry and cavalry, the former
being the stronger force (in pedite robur) ; and that some tribes
used chariots as well. Comp. Caesar, B. G. IV. 24, praemisso
equitatu et essedariis. Comp. however, ch. 36, covinnarius eqy.es,
where the common reading is covinnarius et eques.

2. Honestior auriga, etc.] This is the reverse of the
well-known Homeric usage, and that described by Caesar as
practised by the Gauls (loc. cit.).

3- ClienteS propugnant.] The meaning is not that the
cliens (depdiruiv) fights in advance of the chariot, but that he fights
from it; sc. performs the part of the combatant, while the chief
drives.

NOTES. 51

4. Olim regibus parebant.] In this Tacitus is in agree-
ment with Caesar. See Caesar, B. G. V. 11.

5. Per piincipes.] ' Under the action of chiefs.'

6. FactionibuS et Studiis.] ' Factiones' signify the com-
binations on the part of the chiefs, ' studia' the partialities in the
people to which they appealed. The words are to be taken as
ablatives.

7- Trahuntur.] Either for 'distrahuntur,' the simple word
for the compound according to a common Tacitean usage ; or
simply meaning 'are drawn,' as having no stability of purpose.

8. NeC aliud •COnSUlunt.] Comp. Ch. 29, tandem docti
commune periculum concordia propulsandum.

9- Singuli pugnant-.vincuntur.] 'They fight singly,

[and therefore] are all conquered.'

10. Foedum.] So Hist. I. 18, foedum imbribus diem.

11. AsperitaS frigonim abest.] Comp. Caesar, B.C.
V. 12, Loca sunt temperatiora quam in Gallia remissioribus
frigoribus.

12. Dierum spatia-mensuram.] Pliny, H. N.u. 75,

says that the longest day in Britain is seventeen hours in length.

13- Scilicet extrema-nox cadit.] The notion on which

this explanation is founded was that night was the shadow cast
by the earth. Comp. Piin. H. N. II. 7, Neque aliud esse noctem
quam terrae umbram. This shadow as cast by the ' extrema et
plana terrarum,' 'the flat extremities of the earth' (which, of
course, is conceived of as a plane surface), would reach but to a
small altitude (humiiis) ; the darkness therefore would not extend
very high, and while it more or less affected the earth would
wholly fail to touch the higher regions (infra coelum et sidera
nox cadit).

14. Praeter Oleam, &C.] ' If we except the olive, &c.'

15. Patiens frugnm, fecundum.] 'Admits of their

growth and bears them in abundance.' Comp. Germ. 5, terra
frugiferarum arboruin impatient.

16. Provenilint.] 'Shoot forth,' 'grow.'

17- Aurum et argentum.] Caesar mentions only iron
and lead among the metals of Britain. Strabo however (IV. 5. 2)
enumerates gold and silver among them.

18. Pretium Victoriae.] Comp. Hist. I. n, Inermes pro-
vinciae in pretium belli ceS3urae erant.

19. Li76Iltia.] ' Of a blueish or leaden hue.' Pliny, H. y.
IX. 35. says that the pearls of Britain arc small and discoloured

4— 2

52 CORN ELI I TACITI AGRICOLA.

(decolores). Pearls are still found in considerable number*
in the aestuaries of some of the Scotch rivers.
20. Expulsa.] ' Thrown up from the sea.'

CHAPTER XIII.

i. Ipsi Britanni.] Sc. the inhabitants as opposed to the
natural products of the island.

•2. Injuncta impe'ii munera.] "The services which the

ruling power enjoins on its subjects.' To such would belong the
furnishing of troops with provisions; all contributions not in-
cluded in the regular tribute, forced labour, &c. Comp. Ch. 32,
where some of these ' munera imperii ' are specified.

3- Si injuriae absint] Comp. Ch. 19, [Agricola] doctus
parum profici armis si injuriae sequerentur.

4. Jam domiti---Serviant.] Comp. what Galba is made to
say in adopting Piso of the Romans themselves, Hist. 1. ifi,
imperatuius es hominibus qui nee totam servitutem pati possum
nee totam libertatem.

5- Igitlir.] The last sentence, describing the degree to
which Britain had been brought into subjection to the Roman
power, suggests a transition to the writer's more immediate sub-
ject, a sketch of the military operations of Rome in the island
previous to the arrival of Agricola.

6. Britanniam ingressus, &c] Comp. Caesar, B. G.
iv. 23—36, v. 8—23.

7. Potest Videri.] 'Must be regarded.'

8. MoX belli Civilia.] Sc. the civil wars which ended in
the establishment of the first and second Triumvirates.

9. Longa obliviO-.-in pace.] Comp. Ann. iv. 5. where,
in the list of legions, no mention is made of a force in Britain.
During the civil war that followed on the death of Galba, no les3
than three legions were stationed in the island.

10. Consilium.] Comp. Ann. I. II. addiderat [Augustus]
consilium coercendi intra terminos imperii. The word may be
rendered ' policy.'

11. Praeceptum.] Comp. Ann. I. 77, neque fas Tiberio
infringere dicta ejus; Ann. IV. 37, where Tiberius is repre-
sented as saying of himself, qui omnia facta dictaque ejus
vice legis observem.

12. Ni Vel0X---fuissent.] The sentence is, of course
highly elliptical. He conceived designs and (would have carried
them out) had he not been, &c. We prefer to read 'mobilis
poenitentiae' with Orelli to the reading 'mobili' which Kritz
adopts. With the latter reading the meaning is (fuisset being

NOTES. 53

supplied out of fuissent in either case), 'had he not hoen swift
to repent or change his purpose (velox poenitentiae) from the
fickleness of his disposition (mubili ingenio).' Otherwise 'velox'
is joined with 'ingenio,' and 'mobilis' with 'poenitentiae.' He
was at once hasty in his impulses and easily moved to change.
' Mobilis ' may agree either with Caesar, the nominative of the
sentence, or with 'poenitentiae.' The phrase 'commotus innenio'
(Ann. vi. 45) is cited as parallel to ' ingenio mobili,' but it is at
least as near akin to ' velox ingenio.'

13- IngenteS-- fuissent] Comp. Germ. 37, injentes G.
Caesaris minae in ludibrium versae ; Hist. iv. 15, Gaianarum ex-
peditionum ludibrium.

14- Auctor iterati operis.] The MSS. read • auctoritate

operis.' As this gives no meaning, we have followed Kritz in
adopting the conjecture of "Wex. 'Iteratum opus ' is the work
of subduing Britain anew.

15. Vespasiano.] Comp. Bitt. ni. 44, Illic (in Britain)
secundae legioni a Claudio praepositus et bello clarus egerat.

16. Fortunae.] This must be the greatness of Vespasian,
not the success of Gaudius, as Kritz appears to think.

17- MonstratUS fatis.] We prefer with Orelli to take
'fatis' as a dative than with Kritz as an ablative. The half
paradox of the future ruler being pointed out to the destinies
which decreed his fortune is very characteristic of Tacitus. Ves-
pasian's successful career in Britain commended him, so to speak,
to destiny, as one worthy of higher distinction.

CHAPTER XIV.

i- Proxima.] Nearest (to the coast).
*« Coloilia.] i- e- Camulodunum.

3- Cogidumno.] Nothing is known of this king.

4- Ut.] ^Ve have followed the reading of the MSS. putting
ut before vetere, as we do not see auy absolute necessity for
altering it.

5- Reges.] Kings of this kind were the Tigranee mention-
ed, Ann. xiv. 26, Sohaemus, Antiochus andAgrippa, Hist. II. 81,
Sido and Italicus, in. 21.

6. Aucti officii.] ' Of having enlarged the range of hi»
duties' of his government. A governor's ' officium ' was simply
to administer his province as he received it: Gallus did something
more by advancing military positions ^castella) beyond the limit
of former conque.-sts.

m CORNELII TACITI AGRICOLA.

7- PrOSperaS ••• praesidiis.] 'Achieved the success of
subduing tribes,' &c. Understand the ablatives 'subactis natio-
nibus' &c. as the epexegesis of ' prospuras res.' Corn p. for a pre-
cisely similar construction Ch. 22, Tertius expeditionum annus
novas gentes aperuit vastatis usque ad Tanaum nationibus.

8. Firmatis praesidiis.] 'Firmare praesidia' is to place
them in secure positions.

CHAPTER XV.

1. Britanni-.. accendere.] A distinction is to be noted
between 'agitare'and 'conferre.' The first denotes discussions
in which all took part, the second, discussions and interviews of
a more private nature. For the expression ' interpretando ac-
cendere,' comp. Livy, iv. 58, haec sua sponte agitata insuper
tribuni plebis accendunt. 'Interpretando' means ' by discovering
a common meaning or purpose in them.'

*« Ex facili.] AGraecism. Comp. exinsperato, ex aperto,
ex affluent! &c. &c. Graectsuis were characteristic of the silver
age.

3. SingUlOS-.-regeS.] Sc. the 'legatus,' before the organi-
zation of the province was completed, and before the procurators
were introduced.

4- E quibus legatus ... saeviret.] The 'legatus' had

the military 'imperium' which involved the 'jus gladii' and the
power of inflicting capital punishment. The procurator could
not take judicial cognisance of illegal acts and pass sentence on
them, but it was his business to assess fines and see that they
were paid into the 'fiscus.' The subjunctive (saeviret) is used
to imply the purpose with which the legatus and procurator
were set over the Britons ; this, at least, was the interpretatio
which the Britons themselves put on the matter. The rapacity
of a procurator (Catus Decianus) is mentioned, Ann. xiv. 32, as
the occasion of an outbreak in Britain.

5- Alterius manum ...miscere.] The first 'alterius'

refers to the legatus, the second, to the procurator. The
'manus' of the legatus were officers and military attendants
selected by him for the performance of special and confidential
services. It nearly answers to our 'staff,' and it would chiefly
consist of soldiers of a centurion's rank. It is alluded to Ch. 19,
nee ex commendations aut precibus centurionem, milites ascire,
sed optimum quemque fidelissimum putare, in which passage the
milites are what is here termed 'manus.' The 'servi' of the
procurator, would be persons employed in collecting fines and
debts, and were probably not soldiers. The passage may be thus

NOTES. 55

rendered : ' i-'he attendants and centurions of the one, the slaves
of the other mingle violence and insult.' Comp. Ann. XIV. 31,
where we are told that the kingdom of Prasatagus, king of the
Iceni, was plundered by centurions, his house, by slaves. Orelli
reads 'manus.' The centurions were, as it were, the 'hands'
of the 'legatus.' So Cic. In Verr. n. 10, comites illi tui delecti
manus erant tuae.

6. In praelio &C. &C.] The meaning is, in war it is the
weak who suffer, whereas now matters are reversed, and we, the
stronger, and braver, suffer at the hands of the coward, &c. &c.

7- Ab ignavis ... imbellibus.] Referring especially to
the ' veterani ' quartered in Camulodunum. Comp. the expression
'senum coloniae' in the speech of Calgacus, Ch. 32. These 'vete-
rani' as we learn from Ann. xiv. 31, had thrust the people out
of their houses and driven them from their estates.

8. Quantulum.] ' What a mere fraction.'

9- Sic] Sc. by reckoning up and uniting their strength.

10. GermaniaS.] The plural is used for rhetorical effect,
though the truth of the assertion was strictly limited to a portion
of Lower Germany. The allusion is to the defeat and destruc-
tion of the army of Varus.

11. Illis.] Sc. the Romans.

12. Plus impetus.] 'More fury' (C and B).

13. In ejusmodi COnsiliis.] 'In such deliberations,' or
we may perhaps translate ' in such designs,' i. e. where such
designs are in question.

CHAPTER XVI.

The events related in this Chapter occurred A. D. 61. They
are related at greater length, Ann. xiv. 31 — 38.

1. Instincti.] The word has a middle sense. 'Rousing
themselves, &c.'

2. Consectati.] The notion of the word is that of a search-
ing and vindictive pursuit.

3- Coloniam.] Camulodunum.

4- In barbaris.] Sc. usual among barbarians.

5. Ira et Victoria.] ' The rage of victory.'

6. Veteri patientiae restituit.] 'Brought back to its

old obedience.' ' Restituit,' in our reading of the passage must
be taken for ' restituisset.'

56 GORNELII TAC1TI AGRICOLA.

7- Tenentibus anna plerisque, &c] l Though many

held arms,' &c. This clause is parentnetical.

8. Propius ••• timor.] 'Propius' (the reading of the MSS.
for which Wex and Kritz read proprius) seems defensible, though
no doubt 'propior' is what we should have expected. It must
be construed with 'agitabat.' 'Fear from the legatus (sc. fear
of which he was the source) was more urgently harassing
them,' &c. &c. Punishment to those who were conscious of the
guilt of rebellion seemed more imminent than to others.

9. Ni quamquam, &C.] This is the reading of Orelli and
Wex. The passage is difficult and confused. The objection to
the reading ne quamquam, &c. is that it obliges us either to take
the words egregius cetera as expressing the Britoiw' opinion about
Paulinus, which Tacitus would hardly have cared to mention,
or else, as very obscurely and clumsily interposed. We have,
in fact, but a choice of difficulties, ami the reading adopted
appears to prese.it the least. Reading ' ni ' we should give the
meaning thu3 ; ' He would have brought the province back, &c.
had he not been disposed thus to act.'

10. Ut suae cujusque injuriae ultor.] 'As one who

avenged every wrong as if it was his own.'
IX. Durius.] ' Too harshly.'

12. PetroniUS TurpilianUS.] He was legatus from A.D.
62 — 64. See Ann. xiv. 39, Hist. 1. 6, where his murder at the
beginning of Galba's reign is recorded.

t , 13- Compositis prioribus.] Comp. Ann. I. 45, compo-
site praesentibus. Prvsra refers to the late outbreak of the
Britons and its suppression by Paulinos. There would still be
much lingering irritation and discontent in Britain ; this, Petro-
nius allayed, and thus effectually restored peace and tranquil-
lity.

14- TrebelllO Maximo.] Comp. Hist. I. 60. Trebellius
was governor of Britain from A. D. 64 to 69.

15- Nullis castrorum experirnentis.] 'A man with no

actual experience of campaigns.'

16. Curandi.] ' Curare ' is used both of military commands
and of civil administration. Comp. Ann. XI. 22, duo additi
(quaestores) qui Romae curarent.

17- Ignoscere vitiis blandientibus.] /To shew indul-
gence to vices as they became attractive.' It is best, we think,
to take 'vitiis' as a dative. Comp. Ch. 21, paullatim discessum ad
dclenimenta vitiorum.

NOTES. 57

18. Civilium armorum.] The civil wars which followed
the death of Nero, A. D. 69, ( i ) between Galba and O.tbo, (2) be-
tween Otho and Vitellius, (3) between Vitellius and Vespasian.

19. DiSCOrdia laboratum.] 'Troubles arose from mutiny.'
See Ch. 7, and Hist. 1. 60, which passages shew that the allusion is
to the quarrels between Trebellius, aud Coelius who commanded
the 20th legion. Tacitus, however, says Hist. 1. 9, non sane
aliae legioues per omnes civilium belloium motus innocentius
egerunt.

20. Quum aSSUetUS ...lasciviret.] 'When a soldiery
accustomed to campaigns were demoralised by indolence.*

21. Praecaiiopraefu.it.] 'Governed on sufferance.'

22. VettiuS BolariUS.] See Hist. 11. 6}, 97. Bolanus was
sent A. D. 70 to Biitain by Vitellius, and under liim Agricola
commanded the 20th legion. Comp. Ch. 8.

23- Agitavit Britanniam disciplina.] Sc. he undertook

no campaigns, which would have required the enforcement of
strict discipline among the troops.

24. Petulantia.] ' Insubordination,' such as would lead to
wanton outrages.

25. InnOCenS.] The word especially denotes, 'free from
the guilt of rapacity.' In this respect Bolanus was a contrast to
Trebellius who is said (Hist. I. 60) to have been per avaritiam ac
sorde contemptus e^ercitui invisusque.

CHAPTER XVII.

I- ReCliperavit.] ' Restored to unity.' There is a re-
ference in the word to the civil wars which had distracted the
world, and also, it would seem, to Vespasian's superiority over
his predecessors, which almost gave him a right to empire. He
seemed, as it were, to recover what was hi3 own.

2. Aut Victoria ... bello.] Sc. either conquered or rav-
aged. If he was not successful everywhere he fought everywhere;
nothing escaped his reach (amplexus).

3. Et Cerialis ••• licebat.] Orelli's correction sed sus-
tinuit, &c. (which we have adopted) is the simplest, though there
is a strong probability that there is a considerable lacuna after
obruisset. We incline to think that by a'tcrius successoris Fron-
tiuus is meant, and not Agricola, as \\'ex insists, on the ground
tiiat 'alter' cannot be used for 'alius.' He says that 'alter
successor' can mean only secundus a Ceriali, that is, Agricola.
It seems too much to assert that in no case can alter approach

58 CORN ELI I TACITI AGRICOLA.

in meaning to alius, and it certainly is unlikely that Tacitus would
even suggest a comparison between Cerialis and Agricola, as by
this interpretation he is made to do. For the expression 'curam
famamque obruisset' comp. Ch. 46, multos veterum oblivio ohruit.
'Obruisset' (would have completely extinguished) is a stronger
word than obscurasset, by which it has been explained. By
' molem ' we are to understand the difficulty of the work imposed
on Frontinus, who had to complete what Cerialis had so ably
begun. Comp. its use Ann. 1. 45, haud minor moles supererat
ob ferociam quintae et vicesimae legionis ; Hist. nr. 46, ne ex-
terna moles utrimque ingrueret. There remains some difficulty
about the words ' quantum licebat.' Their collocation seems to
require that they should be construed with 'vir magnus/
though Wex and Kritz take them with ' sustinuit molem,' under-
standing them to mean that Frontinus, so far as the difficulties
of his position permitted, carried out the arduous task which
devolved on him. It is possible however that Tacitus, although
in this very chapter he has admitted that under Vespasian there
were 'magni duces,' may be hinting at that Emperor's well-known
parsimony which would have the effect of discouraging costly
and difficult enterprises, or that he may wish to imply generally
that an imperial regime is sure to set limits on greatness. Julius
Frontinus had been praetor urbanus. He was probably at this
time a praetorian legatus in Britain, and seems to have com-
manded a legion in a different part of the country from that where
the operations of Cerialis had been conducted. He was the
author of two works which have come down to us, one on mili-
tary stratagems, the other, on aqueducts. Pliny {Ep. IV. 8, 3),
speaks of him in high terms.

4- Eluctatus.] Comp. Hist. III. 59, vix quieto agmine
nives eluctantibus, &c. &c.

CHAPTER XVIII.

I' Media aestate.] A,D. 78, the tenth year of Vespasian's
reign.

2. Velut Omissa expeditione.] Sc. 'under the impres-
sion that campaigns were over.'

3- Ad securitatem verterentur.] The MSS. fluc-
tuate between verterentur and uterentur, which latter Orelli reads,
construing it with the ablative 'omissa expeditione.' But 'verti
ad aliquid' is a well known phrase, and suits the present passage.
Comp. Hist. V. 11, Romani ad oppugnandum versi, Ann. XIV.
38, omni aetate ad bellum versa. So here verterentur has a
middle sense. There is no zeugma, since verti ad securitatem, verti
ad occasionem, are both legitimate expressions. 'Securitatem,'
' carelessness :' ' occasionem, ' ' an opportunity for attack.'

NOTES. 59

4- Alam in finibus suis agentem.] ' A detachment of

auxiliary cavalry quartered in their territory.' Agere often has
this meaning in Tacitus. Comp. Hist. I. 74, eas, quae Lugduni
agcbant, copias.

5. Obtriverat.] The word implies sudden and complete
destruction.

6. Erecta prOVincia.] ' The province was stirred into a
commotion.'

7. Quibus bellum volentibus erat.] ' Those who wished

for war.' A well-known Graecism.

8. Quanquam, &C.] The clause introduced by quanquam
ends at videbatur.

9- Numeri.] Sc. troops not regularly enrolled in the
legion or forming part of it. The word, in the time of the Em-
perors, had come in fact to designate the various forces of infan-
try and cavalry which could not. be strictly included among the
legionaries, though they were attached to them. See Mist. I. 6,
multi ad hoc numeri, 1. 87, in numeros legjonis. The term occurs
from time to time in Pliny and Suetonius.

10. PraeSUmpta quies.] 'Though rppose for that

year had been counted on by the soldiers.' 'Praesumere' 'to
enjoy by anticipation.' Comp. Ann. XI. 7, quern ilium tanta
superbia esse ut aetemitatem famae spe praesumat ? Piiny (Epp.
IV. 15) uses in this sense the derived noun 'praesumptio.' Eerum
quas assequi cupias praesumptio ipsa jucunda est.

11. Tarda et COntraria.] These words are in apposition

with transvecta aestas, sparsi numeii, praesumpta quies,

three sources of delay just mentioned. ' Tarda,' ' causing delay.'

12. Custodiri SUSpecta.] ' That suspected points should,
be watched,' sc. tribes imperfectly conquered, or Jikely to revolt.

13- Vexillis.] By 'vexilla' are meant what above are
termed 'numeri.' They must not be confounded with the ' vex-
illarii ' or veterans. Tacitus uses the word elsewhere with this

meaning. Comp. Ann. 11. 78, Piso vcxiJlum tironum in

Syriam euntium intercipit, Hist. 1. 70, Germanorum vexillis, 11.
11, equitum vexilla. In this case, they would appear, from the
mention of auxilia immediately afterwards, to have been Roman
troops, though the term, as it is clear from Hist. I. 70, was not
restricted to such troops.

14- Erexit aciem.] ' Led his troops up the hill.' Comp.
Ch. 36, eric/ere in colles aciem.

15- Instandum famae.] 'That he must follow up the

prestige of success.' Comp. Hist. III. 52, instandum coeptis ;
v. 15, instare fortunae.

GO CORNELII TACITI AGRICOLA.

16. PrOUt prima cessissent.] 'In proportion as his first
attempts had succeeded.' Comp. Hist. XI. 20, gnarus, ut initia
belli provenissent, f amain in cetera fore. 'Prima' here = initia
belli.

17- Ut in dubiis COnsiliiS.] ' As happens in imperfectly
matured plans.'

_ 18. Ratio et COnstantia, &C.] ' The forethought and de-
cision,' &c.

19. QllibuS nota Vada.] Agricola's auxiliaries (among
whom, as appears from Ch. 36, were Batavians) could hardly
have known these particular seas, so that by 'vada' it seems best
to understand 'shallows, fords' generally. The Batavians were
famous swimmers, as we learn Hist. iv. 12, Ann. 11. 8. We
must suppose that the channel separating Anglesea from the
main land must have undergone a great change since that period.
If we c>mp. Ann. XIV. 29, we see that the water was shallow.
Flat-bottomed boats were provided. The cavalry forded part of
the way and had occasion to swim only in the deeper places (alti-
ores inter undas).

20. Quod tempus.-.transigunt] ' A time which others

pass in idle show and a round of ceremonies.' 'Officia' denote
the various compliments and honours paid by the provincials to
a new governor on his arrival among them. In the word 'am-
bitus ' there is the notion of courting these distinctions.

21. Expeditionem-.-continuisse.] (He did not) 'give

the name of campaign or conquest to the having kept the con-
quered in subjection.'

22. LaureatlS.] Sc. litteris. The noun is rarely omitted.

23. AestimantibuS-- taCUiSSet.] ' In the eyes of those
who reckoned what expectations he must have for the future, to
have been silent about such great deeds.' It seems best (with
Kritz) to take aestimantibus as a dative.

CHAPTER XIX.
r. Animorum provinciae prudens.l 'Well acquainted

with the temper of the province.' 'Prudens' here = gnarus.
Comp, Hist. II. 25, Celsus doli prudens repressit suos. Possibly
in animorum there is the notion of high spirit, a meaning often
found in the plural of animus.

2. Injuriae.] This is the correction of Puteolanus for
'incuriae, which the MSS. have, and it is the reading of most
recent editors. Incuriae seems hardly defensible. The plural of

NOTES. Gl

incuria is nowhere found, nor does the idea of 'official negli-
gence ' suit the context so well as that of oppression and in-
justice.

3- Domum SUam.] Sc. his servants and subordinates
generally.

4- Nihil ■- publicae rei.] 'He transacted no public busi-
ness through freedmen and slaves.' Understand ' agere.'

5- Noil StudiiS-.-aSCil'e.] 'He did not select his centu-
rions or attendant soldiers according to his own personal inclina-
tions or the recommendations or requests (of others).' 'Ascire'
(due to Puteolanus for the reading of the MSS. neseire, which
Orelli retains and endeavours to explain) seems to be unquestion-
ably the right reading and is now generally adopted. By ' cen-
turionem, milites ' we are to understand the same as by ' centu-
riones, mauum (legati),' Ch. 15, where see note. 'Ascire,' ex-
pressing as it does deliberate choice and selection, is the word
required in such a connexion. Under the head of ' attendant
soldiers ' would be included lictors, apparitors, clerks, secretaries,
purveyors of corn, &c. &c. These persons were comprehended
under the common designation ' cohors accensoriim,' and being
released from all strictly military duties were termed ' benefici-

case

6. Non Omnia eXSequi.] * He did not punish in every

7- Severitatem COmmodare.] This is something like a
zeugma, though we find a similar use of ' commodare,' Ovid,
Amoves, I. 8, 86, Commodat illusis numina surda Venus.

8. NeC poena---eSSe.] Construe 'poena' as an ablative
depending on 'contentus.' This, though a sort of zeugma, seems
better than joining it, as Kritz does, with 'commodare.'

9- Aeqiialitate.--munerum.] Mvnera denote the various
burdens imposed by the Romans on the Britons. These fell
under two heads, (1^ contributions of corn, (2) the payment of
a money-tribute. The first would necessarily he vexatious in
districts where corn was scarce. For this difficulty Agricola
found a remedy by requiring in such cases as an equivalent pay-
ment the average price which corn fetched in parts where it was
more plentiful. This was done by means of an assessment,
' aestimatio frumenti,' as it was termed, a phrase we meet with
C:c. Verr. ni. 82, where the whole matter is explained.

10. In quaestum.] ' With a view to gain.'

11. Namque per ludibrium-.cogebantur.] We adhere

to the reading of the MSS. and of Oreili, which Kritz also
retains. We understand the passage as describing one of the

62 CORNELII TACITI AGRIGOLA.

cunning methods of extortion to which Roman governors had
been in the habit of resorting in districts scantily furnished with
corn. Instead of accepting a money-equivalent for the 'fru-
mentum iniperatum,' they compelled the Britons to purchase
corn from the Roman granaries up to the required amount. Of
course they could fix their price, and had the purchasers at their
mercy. The corn would thus be often bought at an excessive
price, and when bought it still remained in the Roman granaries,
so that the whole affair was a ' ludibrium.' Hence the Britons
are said (i) 'emere ultro frumenta,' that is, to buy corn need-
lessly and under very provoking circumstances, and (2) ' ludere
pretio,' a phrase which has been variously interpreted, but which
seems to mean, 'to be going through a farce with the price,'
inasmuch as they were paying dear for what after all the seller
kept in his possession. Wex's conjecture 'luere' for 'ludere'
which he explains by 'luere imperata' ignores the ordinary
usage of ' luere ' which requires to be followed by an accusative
of the object. In Livy, xxx. 37, the reading ('pecunia luere')
which he quotes is doubtful. Kritz reads 'recludere, ' and ex-
plains the passage as meaning that the Britons had to buy their
corn out of the granaries and then shut it up (i. e. see it shut up)
again in them. But this use of ' recludere' is very questionable.

12. Devortia itinerum—deferrent.] 'Places lying out

of the regular roads and distant parts of the country were ap-
pointed, in order that states, with winter camps close to them,
might have to convey corn into remote and out of the way dis-
tricts.' Here we have another method of Roman extortion,
applicable to the corn-growing districts. The inhabitants, finding
it troublesome and costly to carry their corn to a distance, would
be glad to commute the required contribution for a money pay-
ment fixed by the governor. This device is specially mentioned
in the Verrine Speeches, in. 82, Instituerunt semper ad ultima
ac difficillima loca apportandum frumentum imperare ubi vec-
turae difficultate ad quam vellent aestimationem pervenirent.

13- Quod omnibus in promptu erat.] Bo. 'what under

fair conditions would have been easy for all.' Understand by
'quod' the furnishing, of the 'frumentum imperatum,' which
under an equitable system would have been by no means burden-
some where coix was plentiful.

CHAPTER XX.

1. HaeC.] Sc. these abuses.

2. Egregiam Circumdedit.] 'Invested peace with

great glory.' Comp. Hist. IV. 11, qui principatus inanem el
famam circumdarent f Dial. 37, ha.no illi famam circumdederunt.

NOTES. 63

3. Intolerantia.] Cicero, Cluent. XL. 112, couples this
word with ' superbia.' It may be rendered ' harshness.'

4- MultUS in agmine.] Sc. he continually marched on
foot with his troops. 'Agmen,' 'a column in marching order.'
Comp. Sallust's description of Sulla, Jug. 96, in agmine atque ad
vigilias multi(3 adesse.

5. Modestiam.] 'Obedience,' 'subordination.' The word
is often applied to obedience to military discipline.

6. DisjectoS.] 'Stragglers.' Opposed to 'modesti' (the
well-disciphned).

7- Nihil interim.. qUOminUS.] Comp. for the construc-
tion Ch. 27, nihil ex arrogantia remittere quominus juventutem
armarent.

8. Irritamenta.] A stronger and more expressive word
than 'incitamenta' or ' illecebrae.' Comp. the Greek ipedicrfiaTa.
Jrritationes is similarly used Germ. 19, nullis conviviorum irrita-
tionibus corruptae.

9- Ex aequo egerant.] ' Ilad been independent.' Comp.
Hist. it. 64, aut ex aequo agetis aut aliis imperabitis.

10. TJt.] Here equivalent to quanta.

it- Nova pars.] 'Nova,' sc. recently conquered. Un-
derstand after 'nova pars,' praesidiis castellisque circumdata
fuit.

CHAPTER XXI.

1. Sequens hiems.] a.d. 79 — So, the first of which

was the year of Vespasian's death.

2. BellO faciles.] The choice seems to lie between the
reading 'bello,' which we follow with Kritz (the MSS. have 'in
behV), and 'in bella' which Orelli adopts. ' Faci/is' is joined
with the dative, Ann. Ii. 27, juvenem improvidum et facilem,
inanibus, and Mist. 11. 17, longa pax f regerat faciles occupantibus.
In both of these passages, however, it seems to have the passive
sense of 'easily acted on' rather than the active meaning of
' promptly and readily turning to a thing.'

3- Publice.] Sc. by grants from the public treasury.

4- Ingenia-.-anteferre.] 'He showed a preference for
the natural powers of the Britons over the industry of the Gauls.'
(C. and B.) Orelli gives a different, and, we think, very doubt-
ful meaning to 'anteferre,' and understands the passage thus,

U CORNELII TACITI AGRTCOLA.

'he trained the natural powers of the Britons up to a higher
point than had been reached by the industry of the Gauls.' He
thus makes ' anteferre' equivalent to ' promovere,' a use of the
word to which we can find no parallel.

5- Delenimenta Vitiorum.] 'Attractive accompaniments
of vice.'

6. Apud imperitos.] 'Imperiti' are here persons who
looked at the matter merely from the surface.

7» Humanitas.] 'Civilisation.'

8. Pars servitutis.] Comp. for a like sentiment Hist.
iv. 64, Instituta cultumque patrium resumite, abruptis volupta-
tibus, quibus Rotnani plus adversus subjectos quam armis valent.

CHAPTER XXII.

1. Tertius-.- annus.] A.D. 80.

2. Taiiaum.] This is the reading of the MSS., for which
Orelli and Hitter read Taus, after Puteolanus from a marginal
gloss in one of the MSS., and understand by it the irith of Tay.
We think it unlikely that Agricola had as yet advanced so far
north. His campaign of this year, we have little doubt, was
confined to the country south of Bodotria, the frith of Forth,
which he does not appear to have crossed till his 6th year (see
Ch. 25). Kor again can we think that by the Taus is meant the
Tweed, to which the word 'aestuarium' could be hardly applied.
Agricola too by this time had probably pushed into Caledonia.
Perhaps, as suggested by Wex, we are to understand the mouth
of the North Tyue at Dunbar. The fact that ' Tan'' is a Keltic
name for running water confirms the reading ' Tanaus.'

3- Conflictatum saevis tempestatibus.] Comp. Hist.

in. 59, sed foeda hieuie per transitum Apennini conflictatus exer-
citus. ' Shattered' is perhaps the best English equivalent to
'conflictatus.'

4. Periti.] ' Men of experience.'

5. Pactione.] Sc. 'capitulation.'

6. Annilis COpilS.] 'With provisions for the year.'
Comp. Ch. 25, niixti copiis et laetitia.

7- Sibi quisque praesidio.] Understand by 'quisque'
every commauder of a ' castellum. '

8. Hibernis eventibus.] 'By successes in winter.' Comp.
Ch. 8, majoribus copiis ex eventu praefecit, ' eventus ' being used
for a prosperous result.

NOTES. 65

9. NeC-.aviduS intercepit.] 'He never in a covetous
spirit appropriated to himself,' &c. &c.

10. Seu centurio seu praefectllS.] The centurion was
a legionary officer, the ' praefectus'' one connected with the aux-
iliaries (coliortes alaeque).

11. InCOrruptum.] 'Impartial.'

12. InjUCTinduS.] Horace (Sat. I. 3, 85) uses insuavis in
the same sense. ' Injucundus ' is not quite so strong a word as
durus would have been.

13. Nihil supererat secretum ut, &c] This, the read-
ing of the MSS. (for which secretum et silentium were commonly
substituted) is retained by Kritz, and may, we think, well mean
that there was no reserve, nothing hidden, or as it were lurking
behind, in the displeasure of Agricola. His anger was at once
and fully expressed ; none was kept back to burst out on some
future occasion. 'Secretum' has here much the same meaning
as ' reconditum,' a word which Tacitus uses in a very similar
connexion, Ann. I. 69, accendebat haec.Sejanus, peritia morum
Tiberii, odia in longum jaciens, quae reconderet, auctaque pro-
meret. It may be that a contrast is suggested between Agricola
and Domitian who is described, Ch. 42, as quo obscurior, eo im-
placabilior.

i+. Offendere quam odisse.] Sc. to give open offence

rather than to cherish hatred.

CHAPTER XXIIL

1. Quarta aestas.] a.d. 8i.

i. Obtinendis quae percucurrerat.] 'In securing the

places through which £e had rapidly moved.'

3. Clota et Bodotria.] Sc. the friths of Clyde and Forth.

4- Diversi maris.] 'Of an opposite sea.' 'Diversus'
here = contrari us.

5- Revectae.] Sc. carried back from the sea into the
land. The notion is that the two estuaries are carried by the
strength of the tides out of their natural channel and forced to a
great distance (per immensum) inland.

6. Omnis propior Sinus.] Sc. the country to the south
of Clota and Bodotria. nearer (propior) to the Roman province,
'sinus' may denote a tract of country with a winding and in-
dented shore. Comp. Germ, t, latos sinus, and see note 5.
T.A. 5

66 CORNELII TAGITI AGRICOLA.

7- Velut in aliam insulam.] Sc. Caledonia to the north
of Clota and Bodotria, which all but divided it from its southern
portion.

CHAPTEE XXIV.

1. Quinto expeditionum anno.] A.D. 82.

2. Nave prima.] This is susceptible of the following
meanings; (i) the first Roman vessel which had visited those
parts; (2) the first vessel which ventured to sea in the early
spring ; (3) the foremost vessel of the fleet ; (4) the first vessel
which Agricola had as yet had occasion to employ. The choice
seems to us to lie between (1) and (3), and on the whole we pre-
fer (1), both grammatically as the simplest, and as best suiting
the context. It is far from probable that Agricola quitted Bri-
tain for the winter and returned in the spring, as has been sup-
posed. By ' transgressus ' we understand that he crossed Clota.
Wex, seeing the obscurity of the passage, would read, navi in
proxima, and observes that navi, as distinguished from 'nave,'
means simply ' by sea,' and is in fact used adverbially, as vesperi,
luci, <kc.

3- In Spem.] Sc. with the prospect of some advantage.
The preposition 'in ' is similarly used, Ch. 8, nee Agricola umquam
in suam famam gestis exsultavit.

4. Medio inter Britanniam atque Hispaniam.] Comp.

Ch. 10, Britannia in occidentem Hispaniae obtenditur.

5- GallicO mari opportuna.] 'Easily accessible from the
seas of Gaul.'

6. Valentissimam imperii partem.] Sc. Britain, Gaul,

Spain and Upper and Lower Germany. The special reference in
* valentissimam ' is to the military resources of these countries.
We find, Hist. III. £3, Gaul and Spain described as the most
powerful [valentissimam) part of the world, and the Britons, Ch.
1 2, are spoken of as validissimae gentes.

7- Magnis invicem usibus miscuerit.] 'Has united

with great mutual advantages.' The subjunctive seems meant
to express the writer's own notion of Agricola's views.

8. CultuSQUe.] Sc. 'the general mode of life.'
9- Haud multum-.-COgniti.] We prefer this reading to
'differt in melius,' which, though adopted by some recent editors,
after Muretus, makes Tacitus responsible for a strange and un-
accountable statement. We understand him to mean that so far
as he could speak on the matter, the climate and population of

NOTES. 67

Hibernia resembled those of Britain, but that its coasts and har-
bours were better known than the island itself. This we take to
be the meaning of melius. It would be absurd to suppose that it
meant that the coasts of Hibernia were better known than those
of Britain. Perhaps ' melius cogniti ' may be rightly rendered,
' are tolerably well known.'

10. Agricola-.-eXCeperat.] The emperor Claudius, accord-
ing to Dio, LX. 19, availed himself of a similar incident for the
invasion of Britain, which he undertook at the solicitation of a
refugee chief, Bericus.

11. Ex eo.] Sc. Agricola. Orelli strangely understands
the ' regulus ' mentioned above.

CHAPTER XXV.

!• Cetemm.] The word has a disjunctive force. This year
Agricola's operations were transferred to the east coast.

». Sextum Officii annum.] a. d. 83, the third year of
Domitian's reign.

3- Amplexus.] The word is to be understood in the same
sense as in Ch. 17, Magnamque Brigantum partem aut victoria
amplexus est aut bello, and denotes actual campaigns, not merely
plans and designs.

4. Infesta hostilis exercitus itinera.! This is the read-
ing of the best MSS. and is followed by Orelli and Kritz. By
! hostilis exercitus ' we understand the Roman army, whose
marches (itinera) through an enemy's country would be beset
with danger (infesta). 'Infestus' often has a passive as well
as an active sense.

5- In partem Virium] ' To form part of his force.'

6. Egregia Specie.] 'With a remarkably imposing ap-
pearance.' Com p. a similar passage Ann. 11. 6, naves augebantur
alacritate militum in speciem ac terrorem.

7- Impelleretur.] ' Was being hurried on.'

8. Misti COpiis et laetitia.] 'Copiae' here, as Ch. iz
(annnis copiis) and elsewhere, means 'provisions.' It is best to
take 'copiis et laetitia' as a hendiadis. The meaning is that the
Boldiers and sailors mingled in merry gatherings over their meals.

9- Ad manus.] 'To force,' 'resistance.'

10. Oppugnare.] Construe this with 'adortL' 'having
attempted to storm,' &c.

5-2

G8 CORNELII TACITI AGRICOLA.

ii. Ut prOVOCanteS.] 'As being the challengers.'

12. PluribUS agminibuS.] ' By several lines of march.'

i3- Superante numero et peritia, &c] 'By superior

numbers and superior knowledge of the localities,' &c.

CHAPTER XXVI.
i. Nonam legionem ut maxime invalidam.] The ninth

legion had been all but destroyed in the rising of the Britons
under Boadicea (Ann. Xiv. 32). Its ranks, however, as we learn
from Ann. XIV. 38, were shortly afterwards recruited with soldiers
from Germany ; but this may have been done very incompletely.
At any rate, the Britons might well suppose the legion to have
been comparatively weak.

2. Vestigiis insecutus.] Comp. Livy, vi. 32, quum Ro-
manus exercitus prope vestiyiis sequeretur, and IX. 45, pergunt
hostem vestigiis scqui.

3- AsSTlltare.] The word specially denotes the rapid move-
ments of cavalry or light-armed troops. Comp. Ann. xii. 35
telis assultantes ; Xin. 40, assultare ex diverso Tiridates, non usqu
ad ictum teli, &c.

4- Propinqua luce.] "The dawn approaching.'

5. Signa.] Sc. the eagles of the legions, which were pre
ceded by the cavalry and light troops.

6. SeCUli pro Salute.] 'Having no fears for their safety
Comp. Hist. IV. 58, Numquam apud vos verba feci aut pro vobi
sollicitior aut pro me securior.

7- Ultro erupere.] ' They (the soldiers of the 9th legion
actually sallied forth to the attack.' 'Ultro' gives the notio
which we express by saying 'the tables were suddenly turned.'

8. Utroque exercitu.] Sc. the besieged army (the Qt
legion) and the army which Agricola brought up to the rescue.

CHAPTER XXVII.

1. CujUS---ferC-X.] 'Emboldened by their knowledge o
this, and by the fame it excited.' 'Cujus' refers to 'victoria,'
or rather, perhaps, to the decisive character of their success, of
which we are told in the preceding sentence.

2. Illi modo- -sapientes.] Sc. those who, ch. 25, were

described as ' ignavi specie prudentium.'

KOTES. 69

3. Iniquissima- imputantur.] We meet with a similar
sentiment, Sallust. Jug. 53, in victoria velignavis gloriari licet ;
adversae res etiam bonos detractant.

4- Occasione et arte, &C.] 'By the general's skilful use
of an opportunity.' The word 'elusos' (baffled) is received into
the text by Kritz, as on the whole the most plausible conjecture.
It suits the passage, and it seems to be at any rate better than
the 'superati' of Ritter. This, however, is a passage in which
the text cannot be restored with anything like certainty. It has
been attempted to emend it as follows, non virtutem, sed
occasionem et artem duels rati, which is ingenious, but hardly
satisfactory.

5' Conspirationem.] 'A confederacy.*

CHAPTER XXVIIL

1. Usipiorum.] See Germ. c. 32. In .inn. 1. 51 they are
called Usipetes, and are mentioned with the Bructeri and Tu-
bantes as attacking the army of Germanicus on its retreat.

2. Per GermaniaS.] Sc. the provinces of Upper and
Lower Germany.

3: OccisO Centurione, &C.] The adventures of this
TJsipian cohort with these particulars are related by Dio,
LXVI. 20. It would appear that the cohort was a part of the
force which, as we are toid Ch. 24, Agricola posted in that part of
Britain which looks towards Ireland.

4- Ad tradendam disciplinam.] ' To impart discipline.'

Vegetius, in his work on the Roman army (1. 13), speaks of
'annorum doctores' and 'campi doctores,' whose business it was
to instruct newly-levied troops in their various military duties.

5- Habebantur.] Sc. were kept in the camp. Comp. for
this use of 'haberi' Ann. xill. 30, praefectus reinigum c.vi
Ravennae habercntur.

6. Remigante.] Sc. 'directing the rowers.'

7- Praevehebantur.] For • praetervehebantur ' as Ann.
U. 6, Rhenus...Germaniam ^ram^iJur.

8. MOX ad aquam, &C] Many attempts have been made
on this corrupt passage, without, as far as we can see, a satis-
factory result. The common reading, raox hac atque ilia rapti
et cum plerisque, is founded on the very doubtful conjecture of
Rhenanus. The word aquam, however, appears in all the MSS.
and is accordingly retained by all recent editors. Kritz (whose

70 CORNELII TACITI AGRICOLA.

reading we have followed, as perhaps closer to the MSS. thai
any other) has adopted with slight modifications a suggestion o
Haase, and interprets ' ad aquam ' to mean ' in aquatione ' anc
utilia as equivalent to utensilia (provisions), a use of the won
which he thinks is confirmed by two passages of Sallust, Hist
Frag. II. 50, utilia parare, and Jug. 86, armis aliisque utilibui
naves onerat. His explanation, however, of ad aquam seem
very far-fetched, and, on the whole, we fear the passage remain
hopelessly corrupt. Ritter reads 'ob aquam atque utensili;
separati.' Roth's reading is perhaps as good as any, ad aquan
et quae usui rapienda cum plerisque, &c.

9. Eo ad extremum inopiae.] Construe 'inopiae' with
eo. 'Ad extremum,' 'at last.'

10. Infirmissimos...vescerentur.] They first fed on th

weakest ; then were reduced to draw lots for the healthy.

xr. Primum a Suevis.-SUllt.] Some were taken by th
Suevi, some by the Frisii. Tacitus does not mean that there
were two successive captures of the same persons.

12. In nOStram ripam.] Sc. the western bank of the
Rhine.

13. Mutatione emeiltium.] Sc. by being resold by those
who bought them.

14. Indicium tanti caSUS.] 'The disclosure of such an
adventure.'

CHAPTER XXIX.

1. Initio aestatis.] Sc a.d. 84.

2. Ambitiose.] Sc. with the affectation of stoical indif
ference. ' Ambitiosus ' denotes that a thing is done for effect.
Comp. Ch. 42, ambitiosa morte inclaruerunt.

3. RufSUS.] ' On the other hand.'

4- Bellum inter remedia erat.] ' War was one of his

sources of relief.' Comp. what is said, Ann. iv. 8, of Tiberius
after the death of his son Drusus, se fortiora solatia e com'
plexu reipublicae petivisse.

5. Incertuni terrorem.] 'A vague panic' TheBrito:
would be uncertain as to the point whence the attack woul
come.

6. Expedito exercitu.] 'With an army unencumberec
by baggage.'

NOTES. 71

7. Longa pace exploratos.3 Sc. ' tried by a long period
of peace.'

S. Grampium.] "We have retained with Orelli and Ritter
the more familiar form (which has some MS. authority), instead
of Graupium, which Wex and Kritz read after one of the Vatican
MSS. It seems to be a case in which there is some reason for
declining to adhere strictly to MSS.

9- LegationibuS et foederibuS.l These words may of
course be taken as a hendiadis. They may however be meant to
convey two distinct ideas — the sending envoys to conclude
treaties and get help, and the reminding states with whom trea-
ties already existed of their obligations.

10. Cruda ac viridis senectus.] Comp. Virg. Aen. vi.

304, cruda deo viridisque senectus, 'Crudus,' 'fresh,' 'full of
Wood.'

11. Sua quisque decora gestantes.] The word 'de-
cora ' seems to include spoils taken from an enemy and rewards
conferred by the chieftains on their followers.

12- LoCUtUS fertur.] By the word 'fertur' Tacitus im-
plies that he is himself the author of the following speech.

CHAPTER XXX.

1. Necessitatem nostram.] 'Our desperate position.'

2. Magnus milli animus est.] ' I have great confidence.
'Animus ' is here almost equivalent to 'spes ' or ' fiducia.' There
seems to be a studied simplicity about the expression.

3- Nullae Ultra terrae.] 'There are no lands beyond
us.' Comp. Ch. 10, septentrioualia ejus, nullis contra terris, vasto
atque aperto mari pulsantur.

4- Priores pugnae.] Sc. previous battles of other tribes
with the Romans.

5« . Spem ac SUbsidium, &C] A hendiadis for spem
subsidii. The meaning is, that the Britons, though unsuccessful
in former battles, still had hopes of being able to fall back upon us
in their last extremity. ' Former engagements, &c. continued to
leave a hope of succour from our resources,' &c.

6. Nobilissimi.] Sc. as being a pure and unmixed people.
Comp. Caesar, B. G. v. 15, who says that the interior of Britain
was occupied by a population which described itself as autochtho-
nous (natos in insula).

72 CORNELII TACITI AGRIGOLA.

7- Iique.] This seems a better reading than eoque, as it
is not easy to see how the nobility and greatness of a people
should be the cause of their occupying the remotest regions
(penetralia) of a country. It has been strangely enough sug-
gested that there is an implied comparison between such a people
and jewels and treasures which are stowed away in secret places.
If ' eoque' be read, it must mean that an indigenous population was
likely to linger longest in the least accessible parts of a country.

8. Servientium litora.] Sc. the shores of Gaul.

9- Oculos quoque-.-habebamus.] 'We kept our very
eyes unpolluted by the contagious touch of tyranny.'

io. SinUS famae.] We are inclined to think that this ex-
pression means the protection which the fame of their untried
valour had hitherto lent them. The remoteness of their situa-
tion, and all the exaggeration to which this remoteness naturally
gave rise (expressed in the clause, ' omne ignotum pro magnifico'),
had hitherto saved them from attack. Now this remoteness had
ceased to be (terminus Britanniae patet). Orelli takes 'famae'
as a dative dependent on 'defendit.' Hitherto the remoteness
of their abode (sinus) had saved them from fame, and they had
been undisturbed because they had been unknown.

ii. InfestioreS.] Sc. more hostile than waves and rocks.

12. Ambitiosi.] Sc. eager for warlike glory. If the enemy
has nothing to tempt their cupidity, they covet the glory of con-
quest for its own sake.

13- 0peS...COncupiSCUnt.] 'Wealth and poverty they
covet with equal vehemence of desire,' sc. they spare neither the
rich nor poor. Comp. for a similar sentiment, Sallust, Cat. I
avaritia neque copia neque inopia minuitur.

14- Ubi SOlitudinem faciunt.] 'Where they make a soli-
tude,' &c. &c.

CHAPTER XXXI.

i. Alibi servituri.] Sc. to serve elsewhere in the Roman
armies. The degrading word ' servire ' is of course deliberately
chosen. It appears however that some at least of the British
levies were retained in the island. See Ch. 18, auxiliarium qui-
bua nota vada, and Ch. 32, agnoscent Britanni suam causam.

2. Ager atque annus.] This reading (due to Seyffert's
emendation) is adopted by Ritter and Kritz, as coining closest to
the Vatican MSS. which have ' aggerat annus,' and as yielding a
good sense. 'Annus' is used in the Germ. Ch. 14, for the yearly

XOTES. 73

produce, which is here denoted by the somewhat rhetorical ex-
pression ager atque annus, just as bona fortunaeque expresses
the simple notion of pecunia. By ' f rumentum ' is meant the
corn exacted by the Romans. Comp. Ch. 19.

3. Silvis ac paludibus emuniendis.] 'In clearing

woods and marshes.' Comp. the expression ' munitiones via-
rutn,' Ann. I. 56. The word 'emunire' implies throwing up
causeways through morasses.

4. Nata servitllti.] Comp. Sallust, Jug. 31, vos, Qui-

rites, imperio nati.

5- Semel Veneunt.] Boadicea is represented in Dio,
LXII. 3 as saying, ' How much better would it be to be sold once
for all than to be ransomed with the empty name of liberty from
year to year. '

6. UltrO--allintur.] Sc. slave?, so far from supplying
their masters' maintenance (as we Britons have to do for the
Romans) are supplied with what they want by their masters.

7. Britannia- -pascit.] ' Britain is every day purchasing,
every day supporting her own slavery.' She did the first by
paying taxes, the second by supplying her masters with corn.

8. Novi noS-.-petimur.] ' We, as despicable new comers,
are being marked out for destruction.' ' Novi ' signifies ' new to
slavery,' 'viles' those who are despicable because nothing is to
be got out of them, as the next sentence implies.

9- Neque enim arva nobis, &c] 'We have not, as

the other Britons have, &c.' Calgacus is speaking only of Cale-
donia.

10. Ferocia.] 'High spirit.'

11. BriganteS.] In the account given, Ann. xrv. 31, of
the British rising under Boadicea, the Trinobantes are mentioned,
and the name of the Brigantes does not occur. It is possible
that Calgacus here names them, as being one of the most power-
ful tribes, and closely bordering on Caledonia. All the MSS.
have Brigantes. Bitter's substitution of Trinobantes seems
purely arbitrary.

12- Exurere COloniam.] Sc. Camulodunum. Comp. Ch.
16, ipsam coloniam, invasere ut sedem servitutis.

13- Libertatem non in poenitentiam laturi.] Sc. 'not

about to bear our freedom so as to repent of it.' The meaning is,
We do not intend, if successful, to sink into sloth (socordia) as
the Brigantes did, and so to be subsequently conquered and
reduced to a worse condition than that to which quiet submissiou

74 CORNELII TACITI AGRICOLA.

would have brought us — in which case we should have ultimately
cause for regret (poenitentia) that we had successfully resisted
for a while. It appears to us that the words as they stand will
fairly bear this interpretation, and that there is no need of Wex's
emendation, in libertatem non in poenitentiam arma laturi,
though, of course, it makes the passage somewhat easier, and
introduces the familiar phrase ' ferre arma.'

14- Seposuerit.] 'Has in reserve.' Comp. Germ. 29, in
usum prae liorum sepositi.

CHAPTER XXXII.

i- Nisi.] Orelli after the MSS. nisi si. But (as Wex
points out) where, as here, the word has an ironical force and
suggests an absurd alternative, it is never followed by si. 'Nisi
si ' would imply that the alternative was possible and reasonable.

2. Commodent.] The MSS. have commendent, for which
Puteolanus (whom nearly all modern editors follow) substituted
' commodent,' which precisely suits this passage. Comp. Livy,
xxxiv. 12, quamquam vereatur ne suas vires, aliis eas commo-
dando, minuat.

3- Infirma vincla loco caritatis.] Kritz reads 'loco'

from his own conjecture. The word seems to be wanted, as fear
and terror (metus ac terror) cannot well be said to be bonds of
affection. The meaning clearly is, that they take the place of it.

4- Nulla plerisque patria.] This would necessarily be
the case in an army made up of various nations whose separate
existence had been destroyed by conquest.

5- TrepidoS ignorantia.] By 'ignorantia' is meant
specially ignorance of the country in which they were fighting.

6. CircumspectailteS.] The notion of the word circum-
spectare is that of looking round timidly and suspiciously. This
is wel.l illustrated in Cic. Tusc. I. 30, 73, Itaque dubitans, cir-
cumspectans, hacsitans, multa adversa reverens, tamquam rate
in mari immenso nostra vehitur oratio.

7- Vinctos.] Comp. Ann. I. 62, eodem fato mnctae legi-
ones, and Hist. I. 79, Sarmatac.velut vincti caedebantur.

8. Nostras manUS.] Sc. troops who in heart are with us

9. AgnOSCent Britanni.] Sc. Britons, compelled to fight
as levies in the Roman army.

10. Senum COloniae.] Comp. Ch. 5, incensae coloniae.

NOTES. 75

'Senes' in allusion to the 'veterans' by whom the coloniae
were usually garrisoned.

II» Aegra municipia.] This i3 in apposition with 'senum
coloniae.' The word 'aegra' denotes the feebleness arising from
internal discord. Comp. its use Hist. II. 86, movere et quatere
quidquid usquam aec/rum foret, adgrediuntur. (The Greek voauv
is used in precisely the same way. Soph. El. 1070, to. filv etc
86/j.wv vocrei.) Comp. also Claudian, Bell. Get. 437, vivusque color
redit urbibus aegris. Londinium and Verulamium had the cha-
racter of 'municipia,' that is, they had their own 'senatus,' and
their own officers for the administration of justice. ' Municipia'
appears to us on the whole a better reading than that of ' man-
cipia' which Wex and Kritz adopt from the margin of one of the
Vatican MSS., interpreting the words to mean 'a feeble and
mutinous set of slaves.' This is hardly an appropriate descrip-
tion of the Roman ' veterani.'

12. In hoc Campo est.] 'Rests with this battle-field.'

CHAPTER XXXIII.

1. AlacreS.] With enthusiasm.

2. Ut barbaris moris.] Comp. 39, ut Domitiano moris
erat.

3- Armorum proCUrSU.] "There was the gleam of

arms as every boldest soldier stepped to the front.'

4- Instruebatur acieS.] Sc. the Caledonian army.

5- OctavuS annus.] Agricola was now entering on his
8 th year in Britain.

6. Virtute et auspiciis imperii Romani.] The 'aus-

picia ' from the time of Augustus, properly speaking, belonged
to the Emperor. Tacitus here affects the old republican form of
speech. He may naturally have shrunk from any such allusion
to Domitian, as the word imperatoris would have involved.
When 'ductus' and 'auspicia' are used in close connexion, the
first denotes the general's conduct of a campaign, the second the
emperor's supreme direction and authority. So Suet. Oct. i\,
domuit partim ductu, partim auspiciis suis Cantabriam, Aquita-
niam, &c.

7- Tot expeditionibUS, &C] 'In the course of so many
campaigns,' &c.

8. Fineni-.-teneniUS.] ' We are occupying the extremity
of Britain not in mere report or rumour, but with an actual camp
and armed force.'

76 CORNELII TAGITI AGRICOLA.

9- Inventa Britannia.] Sc. Britain has been thoroughly
discovered.

io. Vota Virtusque in aperto.] 'Your wishes and
your bravery have free scope.' Comp. Ch. l, pronum magisque
in aperto.

ii. Omniaque-.-adversa.] Comp. Sail. Cat. 58, si vinci-

mus, omnia nobis tuta erunt ; sin metu cesserimus, eadem ilia
adversa fient.

•*• In frontem.] Sc. for an advancing army. 'Frons'
denotes here the presenting a face to the enemy, and thus implies
progress.

13« Terga.3 Sc. 'retreat.'

14- Naturae fine.] Comp. Germ. c. 45, illuc usque tan-
tum natura, and see note on passage.

CHAPTER XXXIV.

!• Vestra decora.] The word 'decus' is here used m a
less precise sense than that which it has Ch. 29, sua quisque de-
cora gestantes. Here it means 'glorious deeds.' Livy, xxi. 43,
uses it in just the same sense, Nemo vestrum est cui non idem
ego virtutis spectator ac testis notata temporibus locisque refene
sua possim decora.

2. Unam legionem.] So. the 9th legion. See Ch. 26.

3- Furto nOCtis.] Sc. an attack made under the cover of
night. Curtius, iv. 13, uses the same expression, meae gloriae
furtum noctis obstare non patiar.

4- Clamore debellastis.] 'You crushed with a mere
Shout.'

5- QuomodO-.-pelluntur.] We take this to be a general
sentiment, which is the view of Orelli and Ritter. With the
latter, we think it best to understand ' ruere ' as equivalent to
'ruere solet,' and the following 'pelluntur ' seems to favour this
view. Similar instances of a sudden change of construction occur
elsewhere. Comp. Ann. m. 26, postquam exui aequalitas et pro
modestia et pudore ambitioet vis incedebat ; and xil. 51, ubi quati
uterus et viscera vibrantur. Curtius, in. 8, 19, has a very similar
comparison : Delituisse inter angustias saltus ritu ignobilium fera-
rum quae strepitu praetereuntium audito silvarum latebris se
occuluerunt.

6. Numerus.] The word is expressive of contempt, 'mere
ciphers.' Comp. Hor. Epist. I. 2, 27, Nos numerus sumus et
fruges consumere nati.

NOTES. 77

7- QUOS qUOCU-restiterunt.] 'That you have at last
found them is not because they have stood their ground,' &c.

8. Novissimae reS-.-aciem.] This is the reading of both
the Vatican MSS. and, though harsh, is intelligible. ' Their
desperate fortunes and their bodies in the extremity of panic have
rivetted their line to this spot,' &c. Comp. for the use of ' no-
vissimae' Germ. 24, extremo ac novissimo jactu. 'Defixere' vividly
expresses the paralysis of terror. Kritz, in his 2nd edition, adopts
the ingenious conjecture of Schoemann, novissimae res et extre-
mus metus torpore defixere, &c

9- Victoriam ederetis.] The expression 'edere victoriam'
derives its meaning from the epithets attached to victoriam, and
it conveys the notion of 'exhibiting on a grand scale.'

10. Transigite cum expeditionibus.] 'Make an end of

campaigns.' ' Transigere ' is a legal word, and denotes the settle-
ment of a suit. Comp. Germ. 19, cum spe votoque uxoris semel
tramigitur.

11. Imponite.-diem.] 'Crown fifty years' service with
a great day.' Forty-two years, from a.d. 43 (the date of Clau-
dius's expedition), was the precise period.

12. Moras belli.] Sc. carrying on war without energy, or
wilfully protracting it. Comp. what is said of Voeula, Hist. iv. 34.

13- CaUSSaS rebellaildi.] This phrase would naturally
mean the wrong doings of the dominant race. Comp. Ch. 19,
doctus per aliena expeiimenta parum profici armis si injuriae se-
querentur, caussas bellorum statuit exeidere. But how was the
army to shew upon a battle-field that it was guiltless of such
practices ? Perhaps we should understand by ' caussae ' the pre-
texts or suggestions of possible rebellion which the carelessness of
the conquerors might give, or which were the effective causes of
rebellion. The soldiers were to do their work so thoroughly that
there should be no strength left for rebellion.

CHAPTER XXXV.

i. Affunderentur.] This word (where we should have ex-
pected simply adderentur) seems intended to denote the rapid
movements of cavalry.

2. IngenS.-.bellandL] 'Bellandi,' the reading of the best
MSS., must be construed with 'decus,' and 'victoriae' seema
best taken as the dative. If the legions sustained no loss, this
would add to the victory the great glory of fighting without shed-
ding the blood of Roman soldiers.

78 CORNELII TACITI AGRICOLA.

3- Si pellerentur.] Sc. ' if the auxiliaries were repulsed.'

4- In speciem ac terrorem.] Sc. with a view to an im-
posing appearance and to cause panic. 'Species' is used iu a
similar way, Ch. 25, [classis]...sequebatur egregia specie.

5- Connexi.] The MSS. fluctuate between connexi and
convexi. Connexi (the reading of Ritter and Kritz) implies that
the line of the Britons extended without a break up the slope of
the hill. Convexi, applied to this sloping formation, might be
harsh, but Kritz surely goes too far in pronouncing it absurd.
The word, however, does not seem to be much wanted.

6. Media Campi.] Sc. the space between the two armies.

7- Covinnarius eques.] So the best MSS. and the most
recent editors. The phrase must be simply equivalent to 'covin-
narii,' which word occurs in the following chapter. The word
'covinnus,' according to Pomponius Mela (in. 6), denoted a
chariot armed with scythes. The Britons, it seemed, borrowed
it from the Belgae. Caesar, B. G. IV. 24 (where he describes this
mode of fighting), says nothing about the chariots having scythes,
nor does he use the words 'covinnus,' 'covinnarii.' He speaks of
'essedarii' (by which he meant the same thing), and he draws a
distinction between them and regular cavalry (equitatus), which
he says the Britons also employed. Tacitus makes no such direct
allusion to cavalry; he merely tells us, Ch. 12, that some tribes
fought with the chariot, among whom, it appears, were the Cale-
donians.

8. Porrectior.] 'Too extended.'

9- Promptior in spem.] Comp. Ann. xv. 25, promptm
in pavorem. lb. 61, promptum in adulationes ingenium.

10. FirniUS adversis.] ' Resolute under adverse circum-
stances.'

H- Ant6 vexilla.] By ' vexilla' is meant the same as in
Ch. 18, contractis legionum vexillis, where see note 13. Agricola
took his stand in front of the peditum auxilia, mentioned above,
among which would be several bodies of troops, termed vexilla.

CHAPTER XXXVI.

1« Constantia.] Sc. calm, self-possessed courage.

2. Cetris.] The 'cetra' was a small leathern shield, like
the pelta. It appears from Livy xxxi. 36 that 'cetrati' and
'peltastae' were convertible terms.

NOTES. 79

3- Batavorum COhortes.] These are continually men-
tioned in the Bistoriae, and it appears that eight cohorts formed
the ' auxilia' of the 14th legion. They were brave but turbulent
troops.

4- Quod.] Sc. which mode of fighting.

5. Ill aperto.] The reading of the Vatican MSS. and, aa
it seems, quite defensible. The idea is that of hand-to-hand
fichtincr in a free open space, where the best and most convenient
weapons would be sure to tell. ' In arcto' (the reading adopted
by Ritter and Kritz) is a purely arbitrary conjecture. Livy,
xxxvill. 41, thus describes a similar engagement: etsi iniquo
loco, praelio tamen justo, acie aperta, collatis armis perquandum
erat. The ground might be uneven; all that is meant is that
it was clear of obstacles. Comp. the Greek military phrase
iircudpos.

6. Miscere ictUS.] Sc. to inflict blows at close quarters.

1- Connisae.] ' Straining every effort.' This is the read-
ing of the best MSS. and is adopted by the recent editors.

8. Interim- -haerebant.] This is a somewhat confused
sentence, about the reading and punctuation of which editors
vary. The question is whether the 'equitum turmae' were those
of the Romans or the Britons. If the former, we must either
read ' ut fugere' with Kritz, or take 'fugere covinnarii' with
Hitter, as parenthetically introduced, which seems exceedingly
awkward, and improbable. In this case 'equitum turmae' would
no doubt be identical with the 3000 cavalry which, as appears
from Ch. 35, were posted on the wings of the Roman army. The
word 'turmae' (a technical military term) would certainly seem
to point to a Roman rather than to any other force. It is, how-
ever, applied Ann. xiv. 34 to the Britons (Britannorum copiae
passim per cateivas et turmas exsultabant), and it must be remem-
bered that Caesar expressly mentions cavalry among the various
kinds of military force employed by them. It is thus possible
that Orelli's view of the passage (we have followed his punctua-
tion), taking ' equitum turmae ' to mean the Caledonian cavalry,
may be correct. It is not satisfactory, but other explanations
seem to involve an alteration of the text or a very harsh inter-
pretation. There can, we think, be no doubt that by ' hostium '
in the succeeding clause is meant the Caledonians. The ' covin-
narii' (though they produced a sudden panic) soon became
entangled in the dense masses of their army's infantry, and were
rendered useless by the uuevenness of the ground.

9- Minimeque-impellerentur.] This is a corrupt pas-
sage which Orelli gives up. We have retained ' equestris ' (as the
Vatican MSS. have ' equestres), and then follow Kritz in reading

80 CORN ELI I TACITI AGPJCOLA.

aegre clivo instantes, which is not a violent departure from the
MSS., and which certainly yields a satisfactory meaning. It was
not like a regular cavalry engagement, as it was fouyht on sloping
ground, on which they could barely keep their footing. On such
ground too, the infantry would be peculiarly liable to be thrown
down by the pressure of the cavalry horses which were drawn up
among them. Wex's ingenious conjecture 'aequa nostris ea jam
pugnae facies erat,' does not appear to be absolutely required.

io. TransverSOS aut Obvios.] These words are, probably,
to be referred to the Romans. Lipsius, however, understood
them of the Britons.

CHAPTER XXXVII.

!• Vacui.] This means much the same as ' securi.' Here,
as frequently, the less usual word is preferred by Tacitus.

2. Ad SUbita belli.] 'For the sudden emergencies of
war.' The same phrase occurs Hist. v. 13.

3- FerOCiuS.] The word implies the notion of ' dash ' and
'impetuosity.'

4. In ipSOS VerSUm.] ' Recoiled upon themselves.' The
Britons who tried to take the Romans in rear, were themselves
thus attacked.

5- Aversam hostium aciem.] Sc. 'the enemy's rear.'

6. Tum VerO, &C.] Tacitus, as Lipsius was the first to
point out, seems to have had in his mind the following passage
from Sallust, Jug. 101 : turn spectaculum horribile carnpis pa-
tentibus ; sequi, fugere, occidi capi, equi, viri afflicti ; ac multi
vulneribus acceptis neque fugere posse neque quietem pati, niti
niodo ac statim concidere ; postremo omnia qua visus erat con-
strata telis, armis, cadaveribus, et inter ea humus infecta san-
guine. With the words 'aliquando etiam victis ira virtus' may
be compared Virg. Aen. 11. 367, quondam etiam victis redit in
praecordia virtus.

7- Collecti-.-ignaroS.] This from the time of Puteolanus
has been the common reading, and is adhered to by Orelli. It
does not appear to have been satisfactorily emended by the efforts
of recent editors. Something stands in the MSS. before ' collecti,'
which Ritter conjectures to be inde, Halm (whom Kritz follows)
more ingeniously, identidem, which conveys the idea of repeated
sudden attacks made by the flying army on the pursuers. The
general sense of the passage is clear enough, but we can hardly
hope to restore the original with precision.

NOTES. 81

8. Indaginis modo.] 'Indago' denoted the process of
enclosing a wood and stopping up all ita outlets with nets, dogs,
watchers, &c. Comp. Virg. Acn. IV. Hi, Dum trepidant alae
Bilvasque indagine cingunt. The ' validae et expeditae cohortes'
were to surround the woods at all points and cut off the enemy's
escape. Comp. Livy VII. 37, quum praemissus eques velut
indagine dissipatos Samnites ageret. In Ann. xni. 42, the word
is used of the cunning arts of the fortune-hunters, Komae testa-
menta et orbo3 velut indagine ejus capi.

9. Rariores Silvas.] 'The less dense parts of the forest.'

10. Persultare.] ' To scour.*

H. In fugam VerSl.] 'They turned to flight.'
12. Vitablindi invicem.] 'Avoiding one another.

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

1. UltrO incendere.] 'Actually fired then.' 'Ultro'
denotes the doing something altogether unexpected and un-
necessary.

2. Consilia aliqua.] The addition of the word 'aliqua'
is meant to imply that the Britons made only a few weak efforts
at united action. ' They occasionally held counsel together.'

3- Separate,] Sc. 'consilia.' Instead of consulting toge-
ther (miscere consilia), each thought only of his own safety.

4. Pignorum.] Sc. their wives and children. Comp. Germ.
7, in proximo pignora ('close at hand are those dearest to them').

5. Concitari.] 'Were roused to fury.'

6. Tamquam misererentur.] They were really urged to

this act by rage ; they pretended to be moved by pity for the lot
of their wives and children.

7- Vastum UDique Silentium.] 'Everywhere a gloomy
silence.' Comp. Ann. ni. 4, dies per silentium vastus. The
notion of gloom and solitude is what the word ' vastus ' specially
and primarily denotes.

8. Secreti COlles.] 'Deserted hills.' Comp. Virg. Aen.
VI. 443, secreti celant calks.

9-. Spargi bellum.] Comp. Ann. m. 71, Tacfarinas
spargit bellum, sc. wages war at several points.

T. A. 6

82 CORNELII TACITI AGRICOLA.

io. Borestorum.] The name occurs nowhere else. The
tribe of the Boresti must have dwelt to the north of Bodotria,
possibly in Fife.

11. Vires.] ' A military force.'

12. Secunda tempestate ac fama.] ' With favourable

weather and great renown.'

13- Unde proximo... re dierat.] 'Unde' is to be con-
strued with 'lecto,' not, as might seem at first sight, with
'redierat.' The meaning of this somewhat obscurely expressed
clause is that the fleet started on its cruise from the ' Trutulensis
portus,' to which it returned. By 'proximum Britanniae latus'
must be meant the shores adjacent to Bodotria, that is, the east
coast of Scotland. It seems clear that the 'Trutulensis portus'
must have been some point at no great distance from Bodotria.
The voyage here described has been alluded to Ch. i o. Without
being a circumnavigation of Britain, it was enough to prove the
country to be an island.

CHAPTER XXXIX.

i. Auctum.] The MSS. have ' actum,' which seems utterly
indefensible, though one or two editors retain and endeavour to
explain it. Auctum (the correction of Lipsius) is read by nearly
all recent editors.

2. Ut DomitianO moris erat] Comp. for similar con-
struction Germ. 13, arma sumere non cuiquam moris, Germ. i\,
abeunti si quid poposcerit, concedere moris, and ch. 33, ut
barbaris moris.

3- Fronte laetus, pectore anxius.] ' With joy on his

countenance, anxiety at his heart.'

4- Falsum e Germania triumphum.] Comp. Dio, lxvii.

4, and Suet. Dom. VI. The first tells us that Domitian marched
with an army into Germany and returned without even the sight
of an enemy. Suetonius speaks of sundry engagements (varia
praelia) on the strength of which he celebrated a twofold triumph
(duplicem triumphum) over the Chatti and Daci. Pliny in his
Panegyric, Ch. 16, contrasts the genuine triumphs of Trajan's
reign with the mimici currus and falsae simulacra victoriae of a
former period. Comp. also Germ. Ch. 37, ingentes C. Caesarls
minae in ludibriurn versae, and see note 22.

£• At nunc veram, &C.] The infinitives in this and the
following sentences depend on inerat conscientia.

6. Studia fori.] Sc. the eloquence of the bar.

7- Civilium artium deCUS.] By 'civiles artes' is meant
knowledge of the law and the pursuit of politics. Comp. Ann.

NOTES. 83

ITT. 75, Capito Ateius...principem in civitate locnm studiis civili-
bus adsecutus, and Hist. IX. 5, where Mucianus is described in
comparison with Vespasian as ' aptior sernione, dispositu provisu-
que civiliurn rerum peritus.'

8. Ill Sileiltium acta.] Comp. Ch. 2 and 3. The ex-
pression denotes not merely ' driven into obscurity,' but actually
' sUenced. '

9. Occuparet.] ' Forestall.' The word is used in its
strictest meaning.

10. Cetera.] Sc. all other distinctions.

11. Dissimulari.] 'Disregarded.' As we say, 'he could
shut his eyes to them.'

12. DlieiS---eSSe.] Sc. 'the greatness of a good general
was something specially imperial.'

13- SecretO SUO SatiatuS.] It might be thought that
the word 'secretum' points to the emperor's 'Albana arx,' men-
tioned Ch. 45. It seems best however to refer it to his dark and
secret purposes, which for the present he was satisfied with
brooding over. He was as yet in no hurry to execute them.
Pliny thus speaks of Domitian, Puneg. 48 : ISon adire quisquam
non alloqui audebat tenebras semper secretumque captantem,
nee umquara ex solitudine sua prodeuntem nisi ut solitudinem
faceret. Comp. Ch. 22, Ceterum ex iracundia, etc., where a
contrast between the characters of Agricola and Domitian is
suggested.

14- Reponere Odium.] Sc. to treasure up his hatred.
Recondere is used in a similar way, Ann. I. 69, Accendebat haec
onerabatque SSejanus, peritia morum Tiberii odia in longum
jacieos quae reconderet auctaque promeret. Comp. also Ann.
xvi. 5, Adversus illustres dissimulatum ad praesens odium et
mox redditum.

15- Impetus famae.] Sc. the first burst of his popularity.

CHAPTER XL.

i- Triumphalia ornamenta.] These comprised the

'corona laurea, 'toga praetexta,' 'tunica palmata,' and 'sella
curulis.' The 'statua illustris' (not necessarily included among
these ornamenta) is elsewhere termed ' laureata,' and ' trium-
phalia.' See Ann. iv. 23, xv. 72, and Hist. 1. 79.

2. Quicquid pro triumpho datur.] Sc. the 'supplicatio'

(which usually preceded the triumph itself), and the 'sacra' con-

C— -2

84 C0RNELI1 TACITI AGRICOLA.

neeted with it. As in Agricola's case, the ceremony of the sup-
plicatio was not invariably followed by the grand triumphal pro-
cession.

3- Opinionem.] 'A general impression.' The word has
been wrongly understood of an impression produced in the mind
of Agricola.

A- Majoriblis reservatam.] ' Reserved for men of more
than ordinary distinction.' Syria was a particularly rich pro-
vince, aud its government was the best post at the emperor's
disposal.

5- Sive ex ingeniO-.-est.] 'Or whether (the story) was
invented and made up to suit the emperor's character.'

6. Tradiderat.]' Agricola left Britain A. D. 85. We do not
know who succeeded him. We are told by Suetonius (Dom. x.)
of a Sallustius Lucullus, a governor of Britain, who was put to
death by Domitian for allowing a new kind of lance to be called
a Lucullea. It is just possible that this was Agricola's successor.

7- Amicorum Officio.] Sc. the complimentary attentions
of friends.

8. Brevi OSClllo.] Comp. Ann. Xiii. 18, where Nero is
said to have left his mother, ' post breve osculum.'

9- Turbae Servientium.] ' The crowd of servile courtiers.'

10. Grave inter OtioSOS.] Sc. 'an object of dislike to
men of leisure,' such as were the civilians about the emperor's
court.

ii. PenituS auxit.] Sc. he carried to the furthermost pos-
sible limit. This must be the meaning of ' auxit,' if it is the right
reading. Wex reads from his own conjecture ' hausit,' which
seems a more appropriate word. The MSS. however all have
' auxit,' which may perhaps bear the meaning we have assigned
to it.

12. Cultll modicilS.] 'Cultus' denotes generally a man's
external style of life, and would refer to his dress, house, furni-
ture, establishment, &c. Comp. Plin. Epp. 1. 22, quam parous
[Aristo] in victu, quam modicus in cultu.

13- QuibuS-.-mOS est.] 'Whose habit it is to judge of
great men by external show.' 'Ambitio' specially signifies the
kind of show and splendour which at Rome took the form of
beiug waited on by a number of clients.

14- Quaererent interpretarentur.] /Asked the

reason of (Agricola's) fame, only a few could give the right

NOTES. 85

CHAPTER XLI.

1« Laudailtes.] Comp. for a similar use of the participle
Ch. 4, peccantium, Ch. 40, servientiura.

"2- In Moesia Daciaque. This refers to Domitian's war
in Dacia, which was begun by the Dacian chief Decebalus A. D.
86. The Daci entered Moesia and stormed the winter- camp of
the legions.

3. In Germania et Pannonia.] This appears from Djo,

Lxvii. 7, to be an allusion to losses sustained by Roman armies
in the territories of the Marcomanni and Quadi.

4- MilitareS Viri.] Wex, as it seems, without sufficient
reason reads vici. The MSS. have viri, and the phrase ' vir
militaris' is applied to Corbulo, Ann. XV. 26. Sallust too, Cat.
45, uses the similar expression 'homines militares.'

5- Expugliati.] A word rarely used of persons, but
almost always of towns, fortresses, &c. We find however in
Livy, xxiil. 30, nee ulla magis vis obsessos quam fames expug-
navit. A similar use of ikiroXiopKeiv (the Greek equivalent to ex-
pugnare) occurs in Thucyd. 1. 134, rev liavaaviav e^eiro\i.6pKri<J(iv

6. Limite imperii.] 'Limes' denotes the actual fortified
boundary line which had been drawn for the defence of the
empire against the German and Sarmatian tribes on the side of
Pannonia and Dacia.

7- Ripa.] SCi the bank of the Danube, which f< >r a consider-
able period had been in Roman hands, and was one of the great
boundaries of the empire.

8. FuneiibUS et Cladibus.] The first word may be meant
to denote family losses, the second, those of the state. It is
however quite possible that no such distinction is implied, and
that the words are coupled together for the sake of rhetorical
effect, as the general character of the passage would seem to
suggest.

9- Constantiam.] ' Steady bravery.'

10. Ceterorum.] So Kritz after H. Grotius, whose emenda-
tion appears to be the best, though it must be admitted that the
rhythm of the sentence rather halts. The Vatican MSS. have
eorum, after which something appears to have dropped out.

It, VerberataS.] A strong word, used to imply that a
deep impression was made on the emperor.

SG CORNELII TAGITI AGRIGOLA.

12. Principem eXStimulabant.] ' Were working power-
fully on the emperor's feelings.' This is one of the rare instances
of the use of dum with the imperfect indicative.

13. Vitiis aliorum.] 'Vitium' here includes faults of inca-
pacity (which have been hinted at in the words inertia et formidine
ceterorum) and the moral faults above named of ' malignitas '
aud 'livor.'

14- In ipsam agebatur.] 'Praecep3 agi' expresses

the notion of being hurried to ruin. In Agricola's case the
glory (which was, as it were, thrust upon him) was his ruin.
Two thoughts are combined in the sentence, (i) Agricola's rapid
rise to greatness, (2) the fatal dangers of that greatness. ' In
ipsam gloiiatn,' 'to the very height of glory.'

CHAPTER XLII.

i- Aderat jam annus.] Probably the 5th year after
Agricola's return from Britain, or A. D. 90. By this time he
would be among the oldest of the consulars, and as such might
look for either of the provinces here named.

2. Asiae et Africae.] Sc. the proconsulate of either Asia
or Africa. Both were senatorian provinces.

3- Civica.] Comp. Suetonius (Dom. x.) where we are
told that among other senators of consular rank put to death by
Domitian was Civica Cerialis, who was at the time proconsul of
Asia. This gives force to the words ' nee Domitiano exemplum.'

4. Consilium.] Sc. the means of knowing how to act.

5- Exemplum.] 'A precedent.'

6. Cogitationum principis periti.] ! Familiar with the

emperor's views.'

7- Ultro Agricolam interrogarent.] 'Went so far as

to ask Agricola.'

8. OcCUitiuS.] ' I'1 somewhat obscure hints.'

9- Mox offerre.] Soon after they offered their services

in making good his excuse, sc. in satisfying the emperor's mind
as to Agricola's reasons for declining a province.

JO. Nonjam Obscuri.] 'No longer hiding their purpose;'
throwing off the mask.

11. Pertraxere.J 'Brought him against his will/

12. ParatUS Simulatione.] This has been understood to

XOTES. 87

mean 'having a stock of hypocrisy always ready ;' 'completely
furnished with it.' It is better, we think, to take the words as
if they meant 'armed with hypocrisy.' This seems more vigo-
rous and Tacitean.

13- In arrogantiam COmpositus.] 'Assuming a haughty
demeanour.' The emperor affected complete indifference to the
matter.

14- Agi Sibi gratias paSSUS est.] Seneca (de Tranq.
14) mentions a yet stronger instance of the encouragement of
servility in Caligula, who allowed those whose children he had
put to death, and those whose property he had confiscated, form-
ally to thank him.

15- Beneficii invidia.] 'The invidious character of the
favour.' The favour granted to Agricola was such as would
bring odium (invidia) on the emperor with all right-thinking men.

16. Salarium.] According to Dio,. lii. 23, it was Mae-
cenas who advised Augustus that salaries should be paid to the
governors of provinces. The same writer tells us (lxxviii. 21),
that under the emperor Macrinus (A. D. 2 1 8), Aufidius Fronto
who was to have been proconsul of Africa or Asia, but who did
not go to either province, received the sum of 1,000,000 sesterces,
or about £8000, and he implies that this was the regular scale
of payment.

17- Sive ex COnSCientia.] 'Or from a bad conscience.'
This is substantially the meaning of 'conscientia,' though here and
elsewhere it differs slightly from its derivative, ' conscience,' and
answers more exactly to 'consciousness.' Here it implies 'con-
sciousness of hypocrisy or double-dealing.'

i& Ne---emisse.] 'Fearing that he might be thought to
have gained by a bribe what he had forbidden.' The emperor was
afraid people would say that he had not the strength or courage
to forbid Agricola from going to his province, but had been
obliged to bribe him with the salarium.

19- Quo obscurior eo irrevocabilior.] 'implacable in

proportion to its reserve.'

20. Prudentia.] ' Good se.nse '

»i« Inanijactatione libertatis.] ' By a useless parade of

freedom.'

22. QuibuS mirari.] 'Those who make a point of ad-
miring lawless behaviour.' ' Illicitus ' denotes not merely what is
contrary to good manners, but what is actually forbidden by law.
Here therefore it would imply ' conduct in defiance of the emperor's

88 CORNELII TACITI AGRWOLA.

authority.' Possibly in this sentence and in the words 'inani
jactatione' there is an indirect allusion to some of the extreme
affectations of Stoicism.

_ 23. Modestiam.] 'Quiet, orderly demeanour.' Along
with this the idea of self-control is implied.

24. Eo laudis eXCedere.] 'Rise to that degree of dis-
tinction.' ' Excedere ' denotes the transcending ordinary limits.
Lipsius needlessly conjectured 'escendere.'

25- Per abnipta.] 'By steep (and, consequently, danger-
ous) paths.' The meaning of the phrase is explained and illus-
trated by a passage in Ann. iv. 20, an liceat inter abruptam con-
tumaciam et deforme obsequium pergere iter ambitione ac peri-
culis vacuum. The notion of ' abrupta contumacia,' as here of
per abrupta, is a defiant disregard of all that custom and public
opinion sanction and require.

26. Ambitiosa morte inclaruerunt.] 'Have become

famous by a death intended for effect.' Ambitiosus, ' desirous to
win applause;' ambitiosae preces (Hist. 11. 49), 'prayers very
anxious to gain their end,' hence 'importunate.' Comp. Ch. 29,
quern casum neque ambitiose tulit, and see note 2.

CHAPTER XLIII.

1. Finis Vitae, &C. &C.] Comp. this and the following
chapters with Cicero's remarks on the death of Lucius Crassus
(Cic. I)e Orat. ill. 2, 3), a passage which Tacitus would seem to
have had in his mind.

2. ExtraneiS.] Sc. Those who were neither relatives nor
intimate friends. The death of Germanicus excited similar grief.
See Ann. in. 1, 2, where it is said 'idem omnium gemitus ; neque
discerneres proximos alienos.'

3- VulgUS et hie aliud agens populus.] No marked
distinction is intended between vulgus and populus. Both words
denote the lowest and poorest class, as in Dialog. 7, vulgus im-
peritum et tunicatus hie populus (tunicatus meaning those who
were too poor to wear the 'toga,' comp. Hor. Epp. 1. 7, 65, tuni-
cato popello) and as in Hist. 1. 89, vulgus et magnitudine nimia
communium curarum expers populus. Comp. also Hist. II. 90,
vulgus vacuum curis. These passages explain and illustrate the
meaning of ' aliud agens ' which implies inattention and indiffer-
ence to public events, and is thus almost equivalent to ' incuri-
osus.' The phrase 'alias res agere' means "to be inattentive to
the matter in hand." See Ter. Eun. 11. 3, 57, alias res agis;

NOTES. 89

Cic. Brutus, 66, 233, omnia magna voce dicens, verborum sane
bonorum cursu incitato, ita furebat tamen ut mirarere tarn alias
res agere populum ut esset insano inter disertos locus. Comp.
also Pliny, Paneg. 5 tibi (sc. Trajano) quanquam non id agentium,
civium clamor occurrit.

4. Fora.] Sc. what the French call les places publiques.

5« Circulos.] Sc. little knots or gatherings for gossip.

6. LoCUti STint.] 'Talked of him.' Understand 'eum.'
Comp. Ann. xvi. 22, te, Nero, et Thraseam civitas loquitur.

7. ConstailS rumor.] Sc. a generally current and un-
contradicted report. Dio, LXVI. 20, positively asserts its truth.
Suetonius however doe3 not include Agricola in the number of
senators and men of consular rank put to death by Domitian
(Suet. Domit. 10).

8. Nobis nihil comperti affirmare ausim.] 'I would

venture to affirm that we have no certain knowledge.' We
have followed the reading of the MSS. according to which ' esse '
must be understood after 'comperti.' If this reading is correct,
Tacitus appears to mean that all he can state positively is that
to himself the whole affair was wrapped in obscurity. In the
two following sentences he insinuates the worst; in this, he
leaves it an open question, on which others may make up their
minds, if they can. Hitter and Wex emend the passage ; the
first inserts tit, the second quodve, after 'comperti.' As it stands,
it is certainly somewhat obscure. There is however no real
difficulty about the sudden change from the plural to the singular
in 'nobis, ausim.' Instances of this are by no means rare. Comp.
Ann. Xiv. 43, simul quidquid hoc in nobis auctoritatis est, crebris
contradictionibus destruendum non existimabam.

9- Plincipatus.] Sc. the imperial court.

10. Mediconim intimi.] Comp. Ann. rv. 3, where in
the account of Sejanus's plot against the life of Drusus, Livia,
the wife of the latter, is said to have made a 'confidant' of one
Eudemus, a physician (sumitur in conscientiam Eudemus, amicus
ac medicus Liviae, specie artis frequens secretis).

11. Inquisitio.] 'Espionage.'

12. Momenta ipsa deficientis.] ' Momentum ' answers
to po-n-Tj and denotes (1) the turn of the scale, (2) the critical
moment at which the turn takes place. Hence here it signifies
all the various symptoms of approaching death.

13. Per dispositos CUrsoreS.] Sc. messengers between
.Rome and Domitian's ' villa Albana,' on which see ch. 45.

90 CORNELII TACITI AGRICOLA.

14- Animo VUltuque.] It is not necessary to explain this
as a hendiadis. 'Animus' denotes the frame of mind which
- inclines a person to the usual manifestations of grief, ' vultus,'
its expression in the countenance. Domitian's assumed grief,
showed itself not merely in his Iooks but in his general demean-
our.

IS-. SeCUrUS jam Odii.] ' Being now careless of his hatred.'
Domitian was now free from the anxiety with which his hatred
of Agricola had filled him. Consequently, being at ease in his
mind, he could, in spite of his natural irascibility, so far control
himself as to exhibit a show of sorrow. This he could not do as
long as he was afraid.

16. Coheredem.] This probably implies that Agricola
made the emperor heir to half his estate.

*7- Piissimae.] A form disapproved by writers of the
Augustan age. Cicero {Philip, xin. 19) twits M. Antonius with
having used it in reference to Lepidus.

18. Velut honore judicioque.] ' (he was greatly pleased)
as if it were a compliment and a free choice.' Domitian in
this instance followed the example of such emperors as Caligula
and Nero, to the latter of whom Prasutagus, king of the Iceni,
and husband of Boadicea, paid the same compliment with the
same hope as Agricola, See Ann. xrv. 31. Comp. also Ann. xvi.
11, where L. Vetus, one of Nero's victims, is advised magna ex
parte Caesarem haeredem nuncupare, atque ita nepotibus de
reliquo consulere. Domitian, who at first refused to receive any
legacies from those who had children, would afterwards claim
a deceased person's estate on the slightest evidence. See Suet.
Bom. 9, 12. Pliny (Paneg. 43) speaks of the 'security of our
"wills 'as one of the happy features of Trajan's reign. For 'judicio'
comp. Suet. Octav. 66, where it is said of Augustus, that, though
he refused to accept any legacy from strangers, amicorum tamen
mprema judicia morosissime pensitavit.

CHAPTER XLIV,

!• Decetltior.] 'Decens' denotes grace and symmetry of
figure. The French translator Louandre thus renders the pas-
sage ; Sa taille e"tait bien proportionne"e sans Stre haute.

2. Nihil metus in VUltu.] So Orelli and Wex. The
MSS. vary. One has nihil metus et impetus, which can hardly
be the true reading, though Kritz adopts it. ' Metus ' here, as
elsewhere, denotes that which causes fear. Comp. Quintil. Instit.
VI. 2, 21 metum duplicem intelligi volo, quern patimur, et quern,
facimus. Possibly a contrast may be intended between Agricola
and Domitian whom Pliny (Paneg. 48) describes as 'visu terribilia.'

EUTES. 91

3. Gratia Oris SUpererat.] 'A gracious expression pre-
dominated' ((7 and B). 'Superesse' has a similar meaning ch. 45,

omnia superfuerc honori tuo. Comp. also Germ. 6, ne ferrum

quidem superest, and 26, superest ager.

4- Illtegrae aetatis.] A phrase answering to our expression
" the prime of life."

5- Quantum ad gloriam.] /As regards glory.' Comp.
Genu. ch. 31, quantum ad jus hospitis.

6. Impleverat.] ' He had fully attained.' Comp. Ann.
XIV. 54, uterque mensuram implevimus, and Plin. Epp. II. 1, 1,
perfunctus est tertio consulatu ut summum fastigium privati
hominis impleret.

7. Triumphalibus ornamentis.] See ch. 40, note 1.

8. OpibuS nimiis non gaudebat.] ' Excessive wealth he
did not possess.' Kritz' interpretation ; ' he did not set a value
on,' &c.

9- Speciosae.] Sc. sufficient wealth to make a handsome
appearance.

10. Filia-.-SUperstitibuS.J "Wex reads filiae, uxori and
connects them with the preceding 'speciosae contigerant.'
His reason for so doing, that Agricola could not be pronounced
happy because his daughter and wife survived him and were thus
destined to seethe evil days which he escaped, seems far-fetched.
It must have been at least a comfort to him, as pointed out in
the next chapter, to have had his wife by his side during his last
illness.

11. Nam sicuti-.-Ominabatur.] Fitter's emendation of
this passage (which he accomplishes by substituting quondam for
quod) appears to be the simplest, and we have (with Kritz) adopted
it. We think too Kritz is right in reading hanc lucem for hac
luce, as this is the regular construction with durare. There is, it
must be admitted, considerable difficulty about the expression
'durare ominabatur,' which may however be compared with a
passage in Hist. I. 50, erant qui Vespasianum et arma Orientis
aurjurarentur. It may too be justified by the fact that 6perare,
a similar word, is occasionally construed with the present infini-
tive. According to Dio, LXix. 12 (and Plin. Paneg. 5, 94),
Trajan's elevation was foretold two years before Agricola's death,
and to this Tacitus perhaps refers in 'augurio.' Or we may
render ' Trajanum ' by our expression ' a Trajan.' ' Augurio
votisque ominabatur' is equivalent to 'augurabatur et vehe-
menter optabat.'

92 CORNELII TACITI AGRICOLA.

12. Grande Solatium tulit.] ' Solatium ferre ' may be a
similar expression to 'palmam ferre '(where ferre is forreferre), in
which case 'solatium' must be rendered by 'compensation.' Or
(as Wex takes it) it may mean, ' he brought us great consolation
for his premature death,' &c. &c.

13. Spiramenta]. Sc. 'pauses.'

14. Uno ictu.] So Caligula was said to have wished that
the Roman people bad one neck, that he might have destroyed
them at a blow. Comp. Senec. de Ira, ill. 19.

IS- Rem publicam exliaUSit.] ' Drained the life-blood
of the state :' or 'exhausit' may be used as 'hausisse' in Hist. 1.
41, 'to inflict a deadly wound,' jugulum ejus hausisse.

CHAPTER XLV.

1. Non vidit etc.] There is a marked resemblance be-
tween this passage and Cic. de Oral. in. 2, Non vidit (L. Crassus)
flagrantem bello Italiam, non ardentem invidia senatum, non
sceleris nefariiprincipes civitatis reos.

2. Obsessanv-Senatum.] These words point to some one
occurrence, of which we know nothing from any other source.
It appears from Ann. xvi. 27, that Nero intimidated the senate
in a similar fashion.

3- ConSUlarium CaedeS.] _ Suetonius (Domit. X.) gives a
list of these murders, with the frivolous causes which provoked
them. Among them were Civica Cerialis, proconsul of Asia ;
Sallustius Lucullus, governor of Britain ; Salvius Cocceianus,
nephew of the Emperor Otho; Junius Rusticus; the younger
Helvidius, &c. &c.

4: Nobilissimarum feminarum.] Among these were

Gratilla, the wife of Arulenus Rusticus ; Arria, the wife of
Thrasea ; Faunia, his daughter, who twice accompanied her hus-
band into exile, and was a third time banished on his account.
See Plin. Epp. in. 11, vii. 19.

5- Una adhuc victoria censebatur.] • As yet (at the

time of Agricola's death) by one and only one victory was Cams
Metius distinguished. ' 'Censeri' is equivalent to ' aestimari,' and
its precise meaning is that Metius's power for mischief was as yet
estimated by but one successful information. It is thus used
Dial. 39, ejusmodi libri extant ut ipsi quoque qui egerunt non
aliis magis orationibus censeantur, and Plin. Paneg. 15, quisquis
paullo vetustior miles, hie te commilitone censetur. The name of
the notorious 'delator' Caius Metius meets us Plin. Epp. vii. 19,
5, vii. 27, i4, Juv. I. 35, Mart. xn. 25. 5.

6. Albanam arcem.] This was one of Domitian's country
seats. It was under the Alban Mount, and was 1 7 miles from

NOTES. 93

Rome. Tacitus, as also Juvenal, IV. 145, terms it 'arx,' to imply-
that it was a kind of centre and stronghold of imperial tyranny.
Dio, LXVii. 1, describes it as the emperor's aKpoiroXis. It was
here that he convoked the 'pontifices' to pass sentence of death
on the Vestal, Cornelia. See Plin. Epp.W. it. Not till the
• emperor's later years were the counsels (sententia) of Messalinus
(whom Juvenal, iv. 115, describes as Grande et conspicuum
nostro quoque tempore monstrum) heard beyond its walls.

7- MaSSa BaebiuS.] See Hist. IV. 50, and Plin. Ep. in.
4, VI. 29, vii. 33. He was impeached by the province of Baetica
where he had been procurator.

8. Nostrae.--mailUS.] So. the hands of us senators, of
whom Tacitus at this time was one.

9. Nos Maurici Eusticique, &c. &c] Wex, to avoid

the somewhat bold zeugma in the passage as it stands, reads
from the margin of one of the Vatican MSS. Nos Mauricum
Rusticumque divisimus. This is a mere conjecture. Under-
stand after ' visus' some such word as 'perculit' or 'afflixit.'
The zeugma seems not too harsh for Tacitus.

10. Quum suspiria nostra subscriberentur.] 'When

our sighs were made matter of accusation.' Subscribers (properly
'to sign one's name under that of the plaintiff or accuser') is
continually used by the best writers as equivalent to 'accusare,'
and 'indices' or * accusatores ' are also termed 'subscriptores.'
Quintilian, xu. 8. 8, has the expression subscribere audita (to
make what has been heard the subject of a charge).

11. Denotandis tot hominibus palloribus.] Comp.

Ann. in. 53, In hac relatione subtrahi oculos meos melius fuit,
ne denotantibus vobis ora ac metum singulorum ipse etiam viderem
eos ac velut deprehenderem. Denotare pallores is to mark out
with a view to destruction the men whose faces are beginning to
turn pale ; and the word 'denotare' answers to 'designare,' which
is used in a similar way in Cic. Cat. I. 1. 2, Dotat et designat
oculis ad caederu unumquemque nostrum. It seems clear that
'denotare' may be thus understood, and therefore Wex's conjec-
ture, denotandis... pailore oribus (which, though probably Latin,
strikes us as awkwTard) is needless. With this passage may be
aptly compared Juvenal's description of Domitian's senate (iv. 7.4),
proceres, In quorum facie miserae magnaeque sedebat Pallor
amicitiae.

12. Rubor-. -muniebat.] The natural redness of Domi-
tian's countenance (of which Pliny, Paneg. 48, and Suetonius,
Domit. 18, both speak) rendered him proof against the ordinary
manifestation of the feeling of shame. Comp. also Hist. IV. 40.
crebra oris confusio pro modestia accipiebatur.

94 CORNELII TACITI AGRIGOLA.

13- Tu Vero-- -mortis.] So Cic. de Orat. in. 3. Ego
vero, te, Crasse, quum vitae flore, turn mortis opportunitaie
divino consilio et ortum et exstinctum esse arbitror.

14. ConstanS et libens.] 'With courage and cheerful-
ness.'

15- Tamquam...donares.] 'As though to the best of

thy power thou wert bestowing freedom from guilt on the em-
peror.' The phrase 'pro virili portione ' ('parte' and not 'por-
tione' is the word used by writers of the Augustan age) occurs
Hist. ill. 20, and denotes ' all that a man can do singly.' The
expression 'innocentiam donares' seems intended to suggest that
the emperor was not really innocent of Agricola's death.

16. Longae absentiae condicione.] ' By the necessity

of a long afosenoe.' Tacitus is speaking of his own absence from
Rome.

17- PaUCioribUS lacrimis.] Sc. 'with too few tears.'

18. CompOSltuS.] The reading of the MSS. is 'complo-
ratus.' ' Composit'us, however, is found in the margin of one of
the Vatican MSS., and is read by all recent editors except Kritz.
It seems a far more suitable word than 'comploratus,' which
savours too much of the noisy lamentations which in the next
chapter Tacitus deprecates. Comp. Hist. I. 47, Pisonem Verania
uxor et f rater... composuere, and Hor. Sat. 1. 9, 28, omnes com-
posui.

1 9. Cesideravere aliquid.] 'Longed for something in

CHAPTER XL VI.

i- Ut SapieritibuS placet.] 'As is believed by philo-
sophers.'

2. InfiraiO desiderio.] 'Feeble regret,' 'infirmus' de-
noting what belongs to a morbid state of mind.

3- Lugeri...plangi.] The first word expresses the senti-
ment of grief, the second its outward manifestations.

4- Quarn temporalibus laudibus.] 'Quam' is due to

TJrsinus, and is certainly required if 'temporalibus' (which is the
reading of the MSS.) be retained. The notion of iemporales
laudes (transitory praises) is the 'laudatio funebris,' which would
be soon forgotten. This, we believe, is what Tacitus had in his
mind. He himself, as Pliny (Epp. n. 1. 6) tells us, pronounced
a funeral iloge over Verginius Rufus. Lipsius (whom Ritter
follows) substituted from conjecture 'immortalibus' for tempora-
libus ; but it would hardly have been in good taste for Tacitus to
apply such an epithet to the present work.

NOTES. 95

5- Si natura SUppeditet.] Sc. if our natural powers are
equal to the task.

6. DeCOremilS.] 'Let us honour.' Comp. Ennius quoted
by Cicero (Twsc. I. 15, 34), Nemo uie lacrimis decoret nee funera
fletu Faxit.

7. Formamque ac figuram.] Formam is the correction
of Muretus for f amain, the reading of the MSS., and is accepted
by nearly all editors. Comp. Cic. Tusc. I. 16, 37, animorum
formam aliquam atque figuram quaerebant. Tacitus uses the
phrase to denote the whole mind and character of Agricola.
Pliny also uses it in connection with a very similar sentiment
(Paneg. 55), formam principis figuramque non aurum melius
vel argentum quam favor hominum exprimat teneatque.

8. Non quia-.-putem.] 'Not because I think a veto
ought to be put on,' &c. ' lntercedere ' is strictly said of the
tribunitian veto. The subjunctive implies, 'I am not one to
think,' &c.

9- Forma mentis.] 'Mens' here = animus, and stands
for the entire mental and spiritual being.

10. Tenere et expiimere.] ' Retain and represent.'

11. Alienam materiam et artem.] Sc marble or

bronze, and the art of sculpture, which are necessarily foreign
(alienus) to the truest and best representation of human cha-
racter.

12. In aeternitate temponim.] ' In the eternal succes-
sion of the ages.' (C and B.)

13- Fama remm.] In the records of history, or more
generally, ' the fame that waits on noble deeds.' (0 and B.)

14- Obmit. This is Haupt's emendation for obruet, the
reading of the MSS. It has the merit of bringing out more
forcibly the antithesis between 'oblivio' and the words 'narratus
et traditus.' The allusion in 'multos veterum ' is to the times of the
republic, and the general sentiment may be compared with the
well-known passage in Horace, C. IV. 9. 25, Vixere fortes ante
Agamemnona Multi ; sed omnes illacrimabiles Urguentur igno-
tique longa Nocte, carent quia vate sacro. Tacitus thus hints
more delicately at the effect of his work than he would do by
describinir it as. ' laudes immortales.'

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES

WHICH OCCUR IN THE AGRICOLA

The Numerals refer to the Chapters.

yrica, 42

Lquitania, 9

\rulenus Rusticus, 2, 45

ILsia, 6

(Ltilius Rufus, 40

Augustus, 13

&.ulus Plautius, 14

/Lulus Atticus, 37

Domitia Decidiana, 6
Domitianus, 7, 39, 4°> -1 1> *2> 4 5

Fabius Rusticus, 10
Forum Julii, 4
Frisii, 28
Frontinus, Julius, 1 7

Baebius, Massa, 45
Batavi, 36
Bodotria, 23, 25
Bolanus, Vettius, 8, 16
Boresti, 38
Boudicea, 16
Brigantes, 31

Galba, 6

Galli, 10, 11, 91, 32

Gallus, Didius, 14
Germania, 10, 15, 39, 41
Graecinus, Julius, 4
Grampius, mountain, 29

Caius Caesar, 4,13

Caledonia, 10, 11, 25, 27, 31

Calgacus, 29

Cerialis, Petilius, 8, 17

Civica, 42

Claudius, 13

Clota, 23

Cogidumnus, 14

Collega, 44

Dacia, 41
Didius Gallus, 14

Helvidius Priscus, 2, 45
Herennius Senecio, 2, 4;
Hibernia, 24
Hispania, 10, 11

Iberi, 11

Julia Procilla, 4
Julius, 13

«Julius Frontinus, 1;
Julius Graecinus, 4

08

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.

Livius, 10

Marcus Silanus, 4
Massa Baebius, 45
Massilia, 4
^Jauricus, 45
Maximus, Trebellius, 16
Metius, Carus, 45
Moesia, 41
Mona, 14, 18
Mucianus, 7

Nero, 6, 45
Nerva, 3

Orcades, 10
Ordovices, 18
Ostorius Scapula, 14

Paetus Thrasea, 1
Pannonia, 4:
Petilius Cerialis, 8, 17
Petronius Turpilianns, 16
Plautius, Aulus, 14
Priscus Jlelvidius, 2, 45
Procilli, Julia, 4

Rufus, Atilius, 40
Rusticus, Fabius, 10
Rutilius, 1

Salvius Titianus, 6

Scapula, Ostorius, 14

Scaurus, r

Silanus, Marcus, 4

Silures, 1 1

Suetonius Paulinus, 5, 14, 16, 1

Syria, 40

Tanaus, 22
Thule, 10
Tiberius, 13
Titianus, Salvius, 6
Trajanus, 3, 44
Trebellius Maximus, 16
Trutulensis portus, 38
Tungri, 36
Turpilianus. Petronius, 16

Usipii, 28, 32

Veranius, 14.
Vespasianus, 7, 9, 13, 17
Vettius Bolanus, 8, 16

INDEX OF WORDS AND PHRASES

EXPLAINED IX THE NOTES TO THE AGBICOLA.

The first Numeral refers to the Chapter, the second to the Note.

abrupta, per abrupta, 42, 25
aequo, ex aequo, 20, 9
aesthnatio f rumen ti, 19, 9
agere, used of troops quartered

in a place, 18, 4
agitare, distinguished from con-

ferre, 15, 1
agmen, meaning of, 20, 4
ala, military term, 18, 4
Albana arx, 45, 6
aliud agere, meaning of, 43, 3
alter, meanings of, 17, 3
ambitiose, 29, 2
ambitiosus, 42, 26
amplecti, 17, 2 ; 25, 3
anteferre, meaning of, 21, 4
appetere, meanings of, 5, 6 ;

10, 16
ascire, meaning of, 19, 5
assultare, used of the movement

of troops, 26, 3
auctor, meaning of, 8, 8
auspicia, coupled with ductus,

33,6

calliditas, used in bad sense, 9, 8
castra = military service, 5, 1 ;
16, 15

A.

cedere, peculiar meaning of, 5,11

censeri = aestimari, 45, 5

ceterum, disjunctive force of, 25, 1

cetra, 36, 2

circulus, meaning in plural, 43, 5

circumdare, use of, 20, 2

circumspectare, meaning of, 32,6

citra, meaning of citrafidem, 1,10

civiles artes, 39, 6

coelum, geographical meaning of,

10, 7
coloratus = sun -burnt, 11, 6
com itas — refinement, 4, 9
comitium, 2, 3

commodare, peculiar use of, 19, 7
compositus, 45, 18
conferre, see agitare.
conflictari, 22, 3
conscientia, meaning of, 1, 8 ; 2,

5 5 4*. 17
consiliums policy, 13, 10
contubeinium, military term, 5, 4
conventus — our 'sessions,' 9, 12
copiae = provisions, 22, 6
couinnarius eques, 35, 7
crudus, 29, 10
cultus, 40, 12
curare, used of both civil and

military government, 16, 16

100 INDEX OF WORDS AND PHRASES.

date of the Agricola, 3, 1
decens, meaning of, 44, 1
decus = distinction, 6, 3; 29, 11;
in plural— glorious deeds, 34, 1
delenimentum, 21, 5
denotare, meaning of, 45, 11
desiderare, 45, 19
devortia, 19, 12
dispicere, meaning of, 10, 13
diversus = contrarius, 23, 4
dubius, applied to consilium, 18,

17
durare, construction of, 44, n

edere victoriam, 34, 9
elliptical construction, 4, 10; 13,

12
eluctari, 17, 4
emunire, meaning of, 31, 3
equestris nobilitas, 4, 3
erigere, to lead troops uphill, 18,

eventus = success, 22, 8
excitatior, 5, 8
exhaurire, 44, 15
expugnare, peculiar use of, 41, 5
extraneus, meaning of, 43, 2
exuere, how used by Tacitus, 9,
14

facilis, construction of, 21, 2
factiones, distinguished from stu-

dia, 12, 6
ferocia, 31, 10; ferocius, 37, 3
ferre, used absolutely, 10, 20 ;

meaning of solatium ferre, 44,

12
fides = evidence, 10, 5
flumina= currents, 10, 19
foedus, applied to climate, 12, 10
fora, 43, 4
forma, used of the mind, 46, 7 ;

46, 9
funera, coupled with clades, 4 1, 8
furtum, 34, 3

A.

graecisms, 15, 2; 18, 7
gratia, meaning of, coupled wit
ambitio, 1, 7

habitus, meaning of, habitus c

porum, 11, 3
hendiadis, 3, 6; 16, 5 ; 30, 5

illicitus, meaning of, 42, 22
imperitus, used to express supe

ficial knowledge, 21,6
implere, meaning of, 44, 6
in, with a view to, &c. 5, 6; 8, 7;

10, 2; 19, 10; 24, 3; 35, 4
in aperto, 1, 6; 33, 10; 36, 5
in universum, 10, 10; 11, n
inania, meaning of inania hono-
ris, 6, 15
incorruptus = impartial, 22, 11
indago, proper meaning of, 37, 8
infestus, used with passive mean-
ing, 25, 4
injucundus, distinguished from

durus, 22, 12
innocens, peculiar meaning of, 16,

25. . .
inquisitio, 43, 11 ; inquisitiones,

2, 10
inseri, used in a middle sense, 10,

24
instare, common meaning of, 1

15
intentus, coupled with anxius, 5
intercedere, meaning of, 46, 8
interseptus, distinguished from

interceptus, 5, 10
intolerantia, 20, 3
ipse, force of pronoun, 13, 1
irritamentum, distinguished fro

kindred words, 20, 8

jactatio, inani jactatione liberta-

tis, 42, 21
jurisdictio, 6, 14

laureatae, of 'litterae,' 18, 22

i

INDEX OF WORDS AND PHRASES. 101

legion, 9th, 16, 1 ; 20th, 7, 10
lex Papia Poppaea, 6, 9
limes, limes imperii, 41, 6
livere, used of pearls, 12, 19
ludere alea, meaning of, 1 9, 1 1
lugere, distinguished from plan-
gere, 46, 3

manus, military term, 15, 5
inetus, used with an active mean-
ing, 44. 2
middle use of verbs, 10, 24; 16, 1
modestia, peculiar meaning of,

20, 5
modus = rb (jl^jov, 4, 16
moles = a work of difficulty, 17,3
momentum =poiry, 43, 12
monstrari, monstratus fatis, 13,

17

munera imperii, 13, 2; 19, 9
municipium, 32, 11

natales, post-Augustan use of,

6, 2
nimiu8=:too strong, 7, 13
nisi, distinguished from nisi si,

32, 1
nisi quod, use of, 6, 5
no vissimus = furthest, 10, 12
numeri, military term, 18, 9
numerus, used contemptuously,
34, 6

pignus, use of word in plural,

38,4
pluperfect, force of, o, 18
poenitentia, 31, 13
praeceps agi, 41, 14
praesumere, meaning of, 18, 10
praevehi = praetervehi, 28, 7
precario, adv., 16, 21
prima, used as equivalent to ini-

tia, 18, 16
principatus, princeps, 3, 2; 43, g
promptus, 3, 11
pronus, meaning of, 1,6
propugnare, meaning of, 12, 3
provenire, used of trees, fruits,

&c. 12, 16
prudens = gnarus, 19, 1

quanquam, used differently from
quamvis, 1, 2

ratio, coupled with constantia,

18, 18
rectum = virtus, r, 4
recuperare, used in a pregnant

sense, 17, 1
referre, peculiar meaning of, 5, 5
reponere, 39, 13

robur, various meanings of, 3, 7
rubor, of Domitian's countenance,

45» "

occupare, to forestall, 39, 7
officium, meaning of, 14, 6; in
plural number, 18, 20

paratus, meaning of par'atus si-

mulatione, 42, 12
parsimonia, 4, 9
participle, use of, 41, 1
peccare, peculiar meaning of, 4, 7
persona, 9, 13
persultare, 37, 10
petulantia, peculiar meaning of,

16, 24

A.

salarium, a governor's salary, 42,

16
scilicet, ironical use of, 2, 4 ; used

in explanation, 4, 12 ; 12, 13
scutula, meaning of, 10, 9
secretum, 22, 13; 39, 12
securitas, personified in securitas

publica, 3, 4
securu3 = summary, 9, 7; with a

genitive, 43, 1 5
seponere, 31, 14
sinus, geographical meaning of,

23, 6 ; used figuratively, 30, 10
solemnia pietatis, 7, 5

102 INDEX OF WORDS AND PHRASES.

solitudo, 30, 14

sors quaesturae, 6, 6

spatium, geographical meaning

of, 10, 7
species, two meanings of, 4, 3
spiramenta, 44, 13
stoicism, allusion to, 29, 2 ; 42,

22
sublatus, applied to a child, 6, 10
subscribers, legal meaning of , 45,

10
subtilitas, meaning of, 9, 6
superstitio, meaning of, II, 12
supplicatio, 40, 2

tardus, used in active sense, 18,

11
temporalis, temporalibus laudi-

bus, 46, 4
tortus, applied to hair, 1 1, 7

trahi = distrahi, 12, 7
transigere, peculiar meaning of,

34. *°

triumviri (capitales), 2, 2
triumphalia ornamenta, 40, 1

ultro, force of, 19, 11; 26, 7; 31,

6; 37. 1; 42, 7

ut, peculiar meaning of, 11, 1

vacuus = securus, 37, 1

valens, validus, used of military

strength, 24, 6
vastus, meaning of, 38, 7
verti, meaning of verti ad aliquid,

18, 3
vexilluni, military term, [8, 13
vulgus, coupled with populus,

43, 3

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BltACKHL— GREEK AND ENGLISH DIALOGUES FOR
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CICERO— THE A CADEMICA. The Text revised and explained
by James Reid, M.A., Fellow of Caius College, Cambridge.
New Edition. With Translation. 8vo. [In the press.

THE ACADEMICS. Translated by James S. Reid, M.A.
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lo MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE.

CICERO Continued —

SELECT LETTERS.— After the Edition of Albert
Watson, M.A. Translated by G. E. Jeans, M.A., Fellow
of Hertford College, Oxford, and Assistant-Master at Hailey-
bury. 8vo. 105. 6d.

classical writers. Edited by J. R. Green, M.A.
Fcap. 8vo. is. 6d. each.

A Series of small volumes upon some of the principal
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EURIPIDES. By Professor J. P.Mahaffy. {Ready.

LIVY. By Rev. W. W. Capes, M.A. [Ready.

SOPHOCLES. By Prof. Lewis Campbell. [Ready.

VERGIL. By Professor II. Nkttleship. [Ready.

DEMOSTHENES. By S. H. Butcher, M.A. [Ready.

TACITUS. By A. J Church, M.A., & W. J. Brodribb,
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CICERO. By Professor A. S. Wilkins. "| r . . ,.
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ELLIS— PR AC TICAL HINTS ON THE QUANTITATIVE
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ENGLAND— EXERCISES ON LATIN SYNTAX AND
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OEDDB8-7HZ PROBLEM OF THE HOMERIC POEMS.
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CLASSICAL.

GLADSTONE— Works by the Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P.

JUVENTUS MUNDI; or, Gods and Men of the Heroic
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THE TIME AND PLACE OF HOMER: Crown 8vo.
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A GREEK GRAMMAR. New Edition, revised. Crown
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GOODWIN-/* TEXT-BOOK OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY,
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University College, London. 8vo. [In preparation.

GREENWOOD— THE ELEMENTS OF GREEK GRAM-
MAR, including Accidence, Irregular Verbs, and Principles of
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Manchester. New Edition. Crown 8vo. 5j. 6d.

HERODOTUS, Books I.— III.— THE EMPIRES OF THE
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[In preparation.

12 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE.

HODGSON -MYTHOLOGY FOR LATIN VERSIFICA-
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F. Hodgson, B.D., late Provost of Eton. New Edition,
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HOMER— THE ODYSSEY. Done into English by S. H.
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Andrew Lang, M.A., late Fellow of Merton College, Oxford.
Second Edition, revised and corrected, with new Introduction,
additional Notes and Illustrations. Crown 8vo. iqs. 6d.
THE ILIAD. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by
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and the late J. H. Pratt, M.A. 8vo. [In preparation.

THE ILIAD. Translated into English Prose. By Andrew
Lang, M.A., Walter Leaf, M.A., and Ernest Myers,
M.A. Crown 8vo. [In the Press.

UOMSSIO DICTIONARY. For Use in Schools and Colleges.
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numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 6s.

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THE ODES OF HORACE IN A METRICAL PARA-
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HORACE'S LIFE AND CHARACTER. An Epitome of
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WORD FOR WORD FROM HORACE. The Odes
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JACKSON— FIRST STEPS TO GREEK PROSE COM-
POSITION. By Blomfield Jackson, M.A. Assistant-
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CLASSICAL. 13

JACKSON Continued —

KEY TO FIRST STEPS. i8mo. 3s. 6d.
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#*# A Key to Second Steps, for the use of Teachers only, is in
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JACKSON— A MANUAL OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY. By
Hbnry Jackson, M.A., Fellow and Praelector in Ancient
Philosophy, Trinity College, Cambridge. [In preparation.

JEBB — Works by R. C. Jebb, M.A., Professor of Greek in the
University of Glasgow.

THE ATTIC ORATORS FROM ANTIPHON TO
ISAEOS. 2 vols. 8vo. z$s.

SELECTIONS FROM THE A TTIC OR A 7'ORS, ANTI-
PHON, ANDOKIDES, LYSIAS, ISOKRATES, AND
ISALOS. Edited, with Notes. Being a companion volume to
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THE CHARACTERS OF THEOPHRASTUS. Translated
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A PRIMER OF GREEK LITERATURE. i8mo. is.
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JUVENAL— 7W7tf TEEN SATIRES OF JUVENAL. With

a Commentary. By John E. B. Mayor, M.A., Kennedy

Professor of Latin at Cambridge. Vol. I. Second Edition,

enlarged. Crown 8vo. Js. 6d. Vol. II. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d.

" For really ripe scholarship, extensive acquaintance with Latin litera-
ture, and familiar knowledge of continental criticism, ancient and modem,
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" Mb. Mayor's work is beyond the reach of common literary compli-
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Empire." — Prof. Nettleshif in* the "Academy.

" Scarcely any valuable contribution that has been hitherto made to the
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This excellent work meets the long felt want of a commentary to Juvenal
on a level with the demands of modern science." — Prof. Friedlander
of KSnigsberg in " Jahkesbericht fur Alterthumswissenschaft."

14 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE.

JUVENAL Continued—

THIRTEEN SATIRES. Translated by Herbert
Strong, M.A., Professor of Latin, and Alexander
Leeper, M.A., Warden of Trinity College, in the University
of Melbourne. Crown 8vo. [In the press.

KIEPERT— MANUAL OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY,

Translated from the German of Dr. Heinrich Kiepert.

Crown 8vo. $s.

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KEY TO THE SAME (for Teachers only). Extra fcap.
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EXEMPLARIA CHEZ TONIENSIA : sive quae discipulis
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IiIVY, Books XXI. — XXV. Translated by A. J. CHURCH,
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U\,OYB—THE AGE OF PERICLES. A History of the
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HACMILLAN- FIRST LATIN GRAMMAR. By M. C.
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MAHAPFY- Works by J. P. Mahaffy, M.A., Professor of
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SOCIAL LIFE IN GREECE ; from Homer to Menander.
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RAMBLES AND STUDIES IN GREECE. With Illus-
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A PRIMER OF GREEK ANTIQUITIES. With Illus-
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CLASSICAL. IS

MARSHALL - .< TABLE OF IRREGULAR GREEK
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MARTIAI,— SELECT EPIGRAMS FROM MARTIAL FOR
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BOOKS I. AND II. OF THE EPIGRAMS. Edited,
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MAYOR (JOHN B. B.)— FIRST GREEK READER. Edited
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MAYOR (JOSEPH B.)— GREEK FOR BEGINNERS. By
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NIXON— PARALLEL EXTRACTS arranged for translation
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PEILE (JOHN, M.A.)— AN INTRODUCTION TO GREEK
AND LATIN ETYMOLOGY. By John Peile, M.A.,
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A PRIMER OF PHILOLOGY. By the same Author,
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16 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE.

PHRYNICHUS — RUTHERFORD— THE NEW PHRY-

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PINDAR— THE EXTANT ODES OF PINDAR. Translated
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PLATO— THE REPUBLIC OP PLATO. Translated into
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PHILEBUS. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by
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PH/EDO.— Edited by R. D. Archer-Hind, M.A., Fellow
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V1.AVTVH— THE MOSTELLARIA OF PLAUl^US. With
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POSTGATE AND VINCE— A DICTIONARY OF LATIN
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POTTS (A. W.j M.A.)— Works by ALEXANDER W. POTTS,
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HINTS TOWARDS LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION.
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CLASSICAL. 17

POTTS Continued —

PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN
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LATIN VERSIONS OF PASSAGES FOR TRANSLA-
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ROBY— A GRAMMAR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE, from
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HUSK-SYNTHETIC LATIN DELECTUS. A First Latin
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RUST— FIRST STEPS TO LA TIN PROSE COMPOSITION.
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RUTHERFORD—/* FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR. By W. G.
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SALLUST— CATILINE AND JUGURTIIA. Translated, with
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SEELEY— A PRIMER OF LATIN LITERATURE. By
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b

i8 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE.

SIMPSON— PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES IN LATIN
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T&GITVS—C0MPLE7E WORKS TRANSLATED. By A.J.
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THE ANNALS. With Notes and Maps. New Edition.
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THE ANNALS. Edited, with Introductions and Notes, by
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THE HISTORIES. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by
Rev. Walter Short, M.A., and Rev. W. A. Si-ooner,
M. A., Fellows of New College, Oxford. 8vo. [In preparation.

THEOCRITUS, BION and MOSCHVS. Rendered into
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M.A. Crown 8vo. 6s.

THBOPHRASTUS— THE CHARACTERS OF THEO-
PHRASTUS. An English Translation from a Revised Text.
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THRING— Works by the Rev. E. Thring, M.A., Head-
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A LATIN GRADUAL. A First Latin Construing Book
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A MANUAL OF MOOD CONSTRUCTIONS. Fcap.
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4 CONSTRUING BOOK. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d.

CLASSICAL. 19

VIRGIL— THE WORKS OF VIRGIL RENDERED INTO
ENGLISH PROSE, with Notes, Introductions, Running
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Samusl Lee, M.A. New Edition. Globe 8vo. p. 6d.

WHITE— FIRST LESSONS IN GREEK. Adapted to Good-
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WILKINS— A PRIMER OF ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. By
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WRIGHT- Works by J. Wright, M.A., late Head Master of
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HELLENIC A; OR, A HISTORY OF GREECE IN
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TIONS. By W. H. Drew, M.A., St. John's College,
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SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS IN DREWS
CONIC SECTIONS. Crown 8vo. 4*. 6d.

DYER— EXERCISES IN ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY.
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MATHEMATICS. 23

EDGAR (J. H.) and PRXTCHARD (O. S.)— NOTE-BOOK
ON PRACTICAL SOLID OR DESCRIPTIVE GEO-
METRY. Containing Problems with help for Solutions. By
J. H. Edgar, M.A., Lecturer on Mechanical Drawing at the
Royal School of Mines, and G. S. Pritchard. Fourth
Edition, revised and enlarged, by Arthur Meeze. Globe
8vo. 4s. 6d.

FERRERS— Works by the Rev. N. M. Ferrers, M.A., Fellow
and Master of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.

AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON TR1LINEAR
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the Theory of Projectors. New Edition, revised. Crown 8vo,
6s. 6d.

AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON SPHERICAL
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THEM. Crown 8vo. p. 6d.

FROST — Works by Percival Frost, M.A., formerly Fellow
of St. John's College, Cambridge ; Mathematical Lecturer of
King's College.

AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON CURVE TRA-
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SOLID GEOMETRY. A New Edition, revised and enlarged
of the Treatise by Frost and Wolstbnholmb. In 2 Vols.
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GODFRAY — Works by Hugh Godfray, M.A., Mathematical
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A TREATISE ON ASTRONOMY, for the Use of Colleges
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AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON THE LUNAR
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HEMMING— AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON THE
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24 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE.

JACKSON — GEOMETRICAL CONIC SECTIONS. An
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of Projection. By J. Stuart Jackson, M.A., late Fellow of
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JELLET (JOHN H.)— A TREATISE ON THE THEORY
OF FRICTION. By John H. Jellet, B.D., Provost
of Trinity College, Dublin; President of the Royal Irish
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JONES and CHEYNE — ALGEBRAICAL EXERCISES.
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C. H. Cheyne, M.A., F.R.A.S., Mathematical Masters of
Westminster School. New Edition. i8mo. 2s. 6d.

KELLAND and T AIT— INTRODUCTION TO QUATER-
NIONS, with numerous examples. By P. Kelland, M.A.,
F.R.S., and P. G. Tait, M.A., Professors in the department
of Mathematics in the University of Edinburgh. Crown 8vo.
•js. 6d.

KITCHENER— .4 GEOMETRICAL NOTE-BOOK, containing
Easy Problems in Geometrical Drawing preparatory to the
Study of Geometry. For the use of Schools. By F. E.
Kitchener, M.A., Mathematical Master at Rugby. New
Edition. 4to. 2s.

LOCK— ELEMENTARY TRIGONOMETRY. By Rev. J. B.
Lock, M. A., Fellow of Caius College, Cambridge ; Assistant-
Master at Eton. Globe 8vo. 4s. 6d.

MAULT- NATURAL GEOMETRY: an Introduction to the
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MERRIMAN — ELEMENTS OF THE METHOD OF
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Professor of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Lehigh Uni-
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VHUmASl.— ELEMENTS OF DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY.
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MATHEMATICS. 25

MORGAN — A COLLECTION OF PROBLEMS AND
EXAMPLES IN MATHEMATICS. With Answers.
By H. A. Morgan, M.A., Sadlerian and Mathematical
Lecturer of Jesus College, Cambridge. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d.

MUIR-^ TREATISE ON 7 HE THEORY OF DETER-
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8vo. "js. 6d.

NEWTON'S PRINCIPIA. Edited by Prof. Sir W. THOMSON
and Professor Blackburn. 4to cloth. 31J. 6d.
THE FIRST THREE SECTIONS OF NEWTON S
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PARKINSON— Works by S. Parkinson, D.D., F.R.S., Tutor
and Praelector of St. John's College, Cambridge.

AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON MECHANICS.
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A TREATISE ON OPTICS. New Edition, revised and
enlarged. Crown 8vo. cloth. las. 6d.

PEDLBY- EXERCISES IN ARITHMETIC for the Use of
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PHEAR— ELEMENTARY HYDROSTATICS. With Nu-
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PIRIE— LESSONS ON RIGID DYNAMICS. By the Rev.
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26 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE.

VVC«.l.n -AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON CONIC
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designed for the Use of Beginners. By G. H. Pucklk, M.A.
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RAWWNSON- ELEMENTARY STATICS, by the Rev.
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RAYI.EIGH— THE THEORY OF SOUND. By Lord
Rayleigh, M. A., F.R.S., formerly Fellow of Trinity College,
Cambridge. 8vo. Vol. I. \zs. 6d. Vol. II. 12s. 6d.

[Vol. III. in the press.

REYNOLDS— MODERN METHODS IN ELEMENTARY
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BOOTH- Works by Edward John Routh, M.A., F.R.S.,
late Fellow and Assistant Tutor of St. Peter's College, Cam-
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AN ELEMENTAR Y TREA T1SE ON THE D YNAMICS
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STABILITY OF A GIVEN STATE OF MOTION,
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Essay for 1877. 8vo. Ss. 6d.

SMITH — Works by the Rev. Barnard Smith, M.A., Rector
of Glaston, Rutland, late Fellow and Senior Bursar of St.
Peter's College, Cambridge.

ARITHMETIC AND ALGEBRA, in their Principles and
Application ; with numerous systematically arranged Examples
taken from the Cambridge Examination Papers, with especial
reference to the Ordinary Examination for the B.A. Degree.
New Edition, carefully revised. Crown 8vo. 10s. 61.
ARITHMETIC FOR SCHOOLS. New Edition. Crown
8vo. 4*. 6d.

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MATHEMATICS. 27

SSUTH Continued—

EXERCISES IN ARITHMETIC. Crown 8vo. limp cloth,
25. With Answers. 2s. 6d.
Answers separately. 6d.

SCHOOL CLASS-BOOK OF ARITHMETIC. l8mo.
cloth. 3j.
Or sold separately, in Three Parts, is. each,

KEYS TO SCHOOL CLASS-BOOK OF ARITHMETIC
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SHILLING BOOK OF ARITHMETIC FOR NA TIONAL
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separately, Part I. 2d. ; Part II. 3d. ; Part III. yd. Answers.
6J.

THE SAME, with Answers complete. iSmo, cloth, is. 6d.

KEY TO SHILLING BOOK OF ARITHMETIC.

iSmo. 4^. 6d.

EXAM/NATION PAPERS IN ARITHMETIC. i8mo.
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KEY TO EXAMINATION PAPERS IN ARITH-
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THE METRIC SYSTEM OF ARITHMETIC, ITS
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Examples, written expressly for Standard V. in National
Schools. New Edition. i8mo. cloth, sewed. 3d.

A CHART OF THE METRIC SYSTEM, on a Sheet,
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2s. 6d. New Edition.

Also a Small Chart on a Card, price id.

EASY LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC, combining Exercises
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EXAMINATION CARDS IN ARITHMETIC, (Dedi-
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28 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE.

SMITH Continued— ,

Standards I. and II. in box, is. Standards III., IV. and V.,

in boxes, is, each. Standard VI. in Two Parts, in boxes,

u. each.

A and B papers, of nearly the same difficulty, are given so as to

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proper papers.

smith, C— CONIC SECTIONS. By Charles Smith, M.A.,
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SNOWBALL- THE ELEMENTS OF PLANE AND
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New Edition. Crown 8vo. Is. 6d.

SYLLABUS OF PLANE GEOMETRY (corresponding to
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Improvement of Geometrical Teaching. New Edition. Crown
8vo. is.

TAIT and STEELE— A TREATISE ON DYNAMICS OF
A PARTICLE. With numerous Examples. By Professor
Tait and Mr. Steele. Fourth Edition, revised. Crown

8vO. I2J.

TV* AY — ELEMENTARY MENSURATION FOR
SCHOOLS. With numerous Examples. By Septimus
Tebav, B.A., Head Master of Queen Elizabeth's Grammar
School, Rivington Extra fcap. 8vo. 3*. 6d.

TODHUNTBK— Works by I. ToDHUNTKR, M.A., F.R.S., of
St. John's College, Cambridge.

" Mr. Todhnnter is chiefly known to students of Mathematics as the
author of a series of admirable mathematical text-books, which possess
the rare qualities of being clear in style and absolutely free from mistakes,
typographical or other."— Saturday Review.

THE ELEMENTS OF EUCLID. For the Use of Colleges

and Schools. New Edition. i8mo. y. 6d.

KEY TO EXERCISES IN EUCLID. Crown 8vo.
6s. 6d.

MATHEMATICS. 29

tODHUNTER Continued—

MENSURATION FOR BEGINNERS. With numerous
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ALGEBRA FOR BEGINNERS. With numerous Examples.
New Edition. iSmo. 2s. 61.

KEY TO ALGEBRA FOR BEGINNERS. Crown Svo.
6s. 6d.

TRIGONOMETRY FOR BEGINNERS. With numerous
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KEY TO TRIGONOMETRY FOR BEGINNERS.
Crown 8vo. 8.r. 6d.

MECHANICS FOR BEGINNERS. With numerous
Examples. New Edition. i8mo. 4s. 6d.

KEY TO MECHANICS FOR BEGINNERS. Crown
8vo. 6s. 6d.

ALGEBRA. For the Use of Colleges and Schools. New
Edition. Crown 8vo. Js. 6d.

KEY TO ALGEBRA FOR THE USE OF COLLEGES
AND SCHOOLS. Crown 8vo. iar. 6d.

AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON THE THEORY
OF EQUATIONS. New Edition, revised. Crown 8vo.
is. 6d,

PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. For Schools and CoUeges.
New Edition. Crown 8vo. $s.

KEY TO PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. Crown 8vo.
ic>-. 6d.

A TREATISE ON SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
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PLANE CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY, as applied to the
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Examples. New Edition, revised and enlarged. Crown 8vo.
•js. 6d.

A TREATISE ON THE DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS.
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10s. 6d.

30 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE.

TODHUHTEE Continued—

A TREATISE ON THE INTEGRAL CALCULUS AND
ITS APPLICATIONS. With numerous Examples. New
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EXAMPLES OP ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY OF
THREE DIMENSIONS. New Edition, revised. Crowe
8vo. is.

A TREATISE ON ANALYTICAL STATICS. With
numerous Examples. New Edition, revised and enlarged.
Crown 8vo. los. 6d.

A HISTORY OF THE MATHEMATICAL THEORY
OF PROBABILITY, from the time of Pascal to that of
Laplace. 8vo. 18s.

RESEARCHES IN THE CALCULUS OF VARIA.
TIONS, principally on the Theory of Discontinuous Solutions :
an Essay to which the Adams Prize was awarded In the
University of Cambridge in 1871. 8vo. 6s.

A HISTORY OF THE MATHEMATICAL THEORIES
OF ATTRACTION, AND THE FIGURE OF THE
EARTH, from the time of Newton to that of Laplace. 2 vols.
8vo. 24;.

AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON LAPLACE'S
LAME'S, AND BESSEL'S FUNCTIONS. Crown 8vo|
10 s. 6d.

WILSON (J. M.)— ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY. Books
I. to V. Containing the Subjects of Euclid's first Six
Books. Following the Syllabus of the Geometrical Association.
By J. M. Wilson, M.A., Head Master of Clifton College.
New Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. 4J. 6d.

SOLID GEOMETRY AND CONIC SECTIONS. With
Appendices on Transversals and Harmonic Division. For the
Use of Schools. By J. M. Wilson, M.A. New Edition
Extra fcap. 8vo. Jr. 6d.

SCIENCE. 31

WILSON— GRADUATED EXERCISES IN PLANE TRI-
GONOMETRY. Compiled and arranged by J. Wilson,
M.A., and S. R. Wilson, B.A. Crown 8vo. 4^. 6d.

" The exercises seem beautifully graduated and adapted to lead a student
on most gently and pleasantly " — E. J. Routh, F.R.S., St. Peter's College,
Cambridge.

WILSON (w. 9.)- A TREATISE ON DYNAMICS. By
W. P. Wilson, M.A., Fellow of St. John's College, Cam-
bridge, and Professor of Mathematics in Queen's College,
Belfast. 8vo. gs. 6d.

WOIuST-RffHOhlltJZ— MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS, on
Subjects included in the First and Second Divisions of the
Schedule of Subjects for the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos
Examination. Devised and arranged by Joseph Wolsten-
holme, late Fellow of Christ's College, sometime Fellow of
St. John's College, and Professor of Mathematics in the Royal
Indian Engineering College. New Ed. greatly enlarged. 8vo. 18s.

SCIENCE.

SCIENCE PRIMERS FOR ELEMENTARY
SCHOOLS.

Under the joint Editorship of Professors Huxley, Roscoe, and
Balfour Stewart.

" These Primers are extremely simple and attractive, and thoroughly
answer their purpose of just leading the young beginner up to the thresh-
old of the lon^ aveuues in the Palace of Nature which theie titles suggest. "
— Guardian.

•'They are wonderful!)' clear and lucid in their instruction, simple io
styie, and admirable in plan. "— Educational Timbs.

INTRODUCTORY-— By T. H. Huxley, F.R.S., Professor of

Natural History in the Royal School of Mines. i8mo. is.
CHEMISTRY — By H. E. Roscoe, F.R.S., Professor of
Chemistry In the Victoria University the Owens College,
Manchester. With numerous Illustrations. i8mo. is. New
Edition. With Questions.

"A very model o/ perspicacity and accuracy. " — Chemist and Drug-
gist.

PHYSlCS_By Balfour Stewart, F.R.S., Professor of Natural
Philosophy in the Victoria University the Owens College,
Manchester. With numerous Illustrations. iSmo. is. New
Edition. With Questions.

32 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE.

SCIENCE PRIMERS Continued—

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY— By ARCHIBALD GeIKIE, F.R.S.,

Director-General of the Geological Survey. With numerous
Illustrations. New Edition, with Questions. l8mo. is.

"Everyone of his lessons is marked by simplicity, clearness, and
correctness. " — Athsn.*um.

GEOLOGY — By Professor Geikie, F.R.S. With numerous

Illustrations. New Edition. i8mo. cloth, is".

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PHYSIOLOGY— By Michael Foster, M.D., F.R.S. With

numerous Illustrations. New Edition. i8mo. is.

"The book seems to us to leave nothing; to be desired as an elementary
text-book. "—Academy.

ASTRONOMY — By J. Norman Lockyer, F.R.S. With
numerous Illustrations. New Edition. i8mo. is.

" This is altogether one of the most likely attempts we have ever seen to
bring astronomy down to the capacity of the young child." — School
Board Chroniclk.

BOTANY— By Sir J. D. HOOKER, K.C.S.I., C.B., F.R.S.
With numerous Illustrations. New Edition. i8mo. is.

"To teachers the Primer will be of inestimable value, and not only
because of the simplicity of the language and the clearness with which the
subject matter is treated, but also on account of its coming from the highest
authority, and so furnishing positive information as to the most suitable
methods of teaching the science of botany." — Nature.

LOGIC — By Professor Stanley Jevons, LL.D., M.A., F.R.S.
New Edition. i8mo. is.

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to scientific reasoning, and as a guide to sound Judgment and reasoning
in the ordinary affairs of life." — Academy,

POLITICAL ECONOMY— By Professor Stanley Jevons,

LL.D., M.A., F.R.S. i8mo. I*.

" Unquestionably in every respect an admirable primer."— School
Board Chronicle.

In preparation : —
ZOOLOGY. By Professor Huxley. &c. &c.

SCIENCE, 33

ELEMENTARY CLASS-BOOKS.
ASTRONOMY, by the Astronomer Royal.

POPULAR ASTRONOMY. With Illustrations. By Sir
G. B. Airy, K.C.B., Astronomer Royal New Edition.
iSmo, as. 6 J.

ASTRONOMY.

ELEMENTARY LESSONS IN ASTRONOMY. With
Coloured Diagram of the Spectra of the Sun, Stars, and
Nebulae, and numerous Illustrations. By J. Norman Lockyeb,
F.R.S. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. $s. 6d.

" Full, clear, sound, and worthy of attention, not enly as a popular
exposition, buz as a scientific ' Index.' " — Athkn.*um.

QUESTIONS ON LOCKYERS ELEMENTARY LES-
SONS IN ASTRONOMY. For the Use of Schools. By
John Forbes-Robertson. i8mo. cloth limp. is. 6d.

PHYSIOLOGY.

LESSONS IN ELEMENTARY PHYSIOLOGY. With

numerous Illustrations. ByT. II. Huxley, F.R.S., Professor

of Natural History in the Royal School of Mines. New

Edition. Fcap. 8vo. as. 6d.

" Pure gold throughout."— Guakdian.

" Unquestionably the clearest and most complete elementary treatise
on this subject that we possess in any language." — Westminster Review.

QUESTIONS ON HUXLEY'S PHYSIOLOGY FOR

SCHOOLS. By T. Alcock, M.D. l8mo. is. 6d.

BOTANY.

LESSONS IN ELEMENTARY BOTANY. By D.
Oliver, F.R.S., F.L.S., Professor of Botany in University
College, London. With nearly Two Hundred Illustrations.
New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. as. 6d.

CHEMISTRY.

LESSONS IN ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY, IN-
ORGANIC AND ORGANIC. By Henry E. Roscoe,
F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in the Victoria University the
Owens College, Manchester. With numerous Illustrations
and Chromo-Litho of the Solar Spectrum, and of the Alkalies
and Alkaline Earths. New Edition. Fcap. Svo. as. 61.

"As a standard general text-book it deserves to take a leading place." —
Spectator.

"We unhesitatingly pronounce it the best of all our elementary treatises
on Chemistry."— Medical Tiuks.

34 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE.

ELEMENTARY CLASS-BOOKS Continued—

A SERIES OF CHEMICAL PROBLEMS, prepared with
Special Reference to the above, by T. E. Thorpe, Ph.D., Pro-
fessor of Chemistry in the Yorkshire College of Science, Leeds.
Adapted for the Preparation of Students for the Government,
Science, and Society of Arts Examinations. With a Preface by
Professor Roscoe. New Edition, with Key. i8mo. 2s.
CHEMICAL ARITHMETIC. With Examples. By Sydney
Lupton, M.A., Assistant-Master at Harrow. [In preparation.
POLITICAL ECONOMY.

POLITICAL ECONOMY FOR BEGINNERS. By
Millicent G. Fawcett. New Edition. i8mo. 2s. 6d.
" Clear, compact, and comprehensive." — Daily Nbws
"The relations of capital and labour have never been more simply or
more clearly expounded."— Contemporary RaviBW.

LOGIC.

ELEMENTARY LESSONS IN LOGIC; Deductive and
Inductive, with copious Questions and Examples, and a
Vocabulary of Logical Terms. By W. Stanley Jevons,
LL.D., M.A., F.R.S. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 31. 6d.

" Notking can be better for a school-book."— Guardian.

"A manual alike simple, interesting, and scientific." — Athkn^um.

PHYSICS.

LESSONS IN ELEMENTARY PHYSICS. By Balfour
Stewart, F.R.S., Professor of Natural Philosophy in the
Victoria University the Owens College, Manchester. With
numerous Illustrations and Chromolitho of the Spectra of the
Sun, Stars, and Nebube. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 4J. 6d.
"The beau-ideal of a scientific text-book, clear, accurate, and thorough."
— Educational Timus.

QUESTIONS ON BALFOUR STEWART'S ELE-
MENTAR Y LESSONS IN PHYSICS. By Prof. Thomas
H. Core, Owens College, Manchester. Fcap. 8vo. 2s.

PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY.

THE OWENS COLLEGE JUNIOR COURSE OF
PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY. By Francis Jones, Chemical
Master in the Grammar School, Manchester. With Preface by
Professor Roscoe, and Illustrations. New Ed. i8mo. 2s. 6d.

CHEMISTRY.

QUESTIONS ON CHEMISTRY. A Series of Problems
and Exercises in Inorganic and Organic Chemistry. By
Francis Jones, F.R.S. E., F.C.S., Chemical Master in the
Grammar School, Manchester. Fcap. 8vo. 3*.

SCIENCE. 35

ELEMENTARY CLASS-BOOKS ConHntud—
ANATOMY.

LESSONS IN ELEMENTARY ANATOMY. By St.
George Mivart, F.R.S., Lecturer in Comparative Anatomy
at St. Mary's Hospital. With upwards of 400 Illustrations.
Fcap. 8vo. 6j. 6d.

" It may be questioned whether any other work on anatomy contains in
like eonapass so proportionately gTeat a mass of information." — Lancst.

"The werkis excellent, and should be in the hands of every student of
human anatomy." — Mbdical Timbs.

STEAM.

AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE. By John Perry,
C.E., Whitworth Scholar, Fellow of the Chemical Society,
Lecturer in Physics at Clifton College. With numerous Wood-
cuts and Numerical Examples and Exercises. l8mo. 4s. 6d.

" The young engineer and ihose seeking for a comprehensive know)ed^e
of the use, power, and economy of steam, could not have a more useful
work, as it is very intelligible, well arranged, and practical throughout,"—
Ironmonger.

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

ELEMENTARY LESSONS IN PHYSICAL GEO-
GRAPH Y. By A. Gkikir, F.R.S., Director-Genera of
the Geological Survey. With numerous Illustrations. Fcap.
8vo. 4^. 6d.
QUESTIONS ON THE SAME. is. 6d.

GEOLOGY.

ELEMENTARY LESSONS IN GEOLOGY. By the
same Author. [In preparation.

GEOGRAPHY.

CLASS-BOOK OF GEOGRAPHY. By C. B.Clarke, M.A.,
F.L.S., F.G.S. New Edition, with Eighteen Coloured Maps.
Fcap. 8vo. $s.

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY FOR BEGINNERS. By
I. Todhtjnter, M.A., F.R.S. Part I. The Properties of
Solid and Fluid Bodies. l8mo. 3s. 6d.
Part II. Sound, Light, and Heat. i8mo. $s. 6d.
MORAL PHILOSOPHY.

AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE. By Prof. E. Catrd,
of Glasgow University. [In preparation.

a 2

36 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE.

ELEMENTARY CLASS BOOKS Continued—
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM.

ELEMENTARY LESSONS IN ELECTRICITY AND
MAGNETISM. By Prof . Silvanus P. Thompson, of Uni-
versity College, Bristol. With Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo. $s, 6d.

SOUND.

AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE. By W. H. Stone,
M.B. With Illustrations. i8mo. 3-r. 6d.

PSYCHOLOGY.

ELEMENTARY LESSONS IN PSYCHOLOG Y. By G.
Croom Robertson, Professor of Mental Philosophy, &c.,.
University College, London. [In preparation

AGRICULTURE — ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL
SCIENCE. By II. Tanner, F.C.S., Professor of Agricultural
Science, University College, Aberystwith. Fcap. Svo. 3*. 6d.

ECONOMICS — THE ECONOMICS OF INDUSTRY. By A.
Marshall, M.A., late Principal of Univertity College, Bristol,
and Mary P. Marshall, late Lecturer at Newnham Hal!,
Cambridge. Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d.

"The book is of sterling value, and will be of great use to students and
teachers." — Athenaum.

Others in Preparation,

MANUALS FOR STUDENTS.
Crown 8vo.

COSSA— GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF POLITICAL
ECONOMY, By Dr. Luigi Cossa, Professor in the
University of Pavia. Translated from the Second Italian
Edition. With a Preface by W. Stanley Jevons, F.R. S.
Crown 8vo. 41. 6d.

DYER AND VINES— THE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS. By
Professor Thiselton Dyer, F.R.S., assisted by Sydney
Vines, B.Sc, Fellow and Lecturer of Christ's College,
Cambridge. With numerous Illustrations. [In preparation.

FAWCETT— A MANUAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY.
By Right Hon. Henry Fawcett, M.P. New Edition,
revised and enlarged. Crown 8vo. Ms.

SCIENCE. 37

MANUALS FOR STUDENTS Continued—

FLEISCHER-^ SYSTEM OF VOLUMETRIC ANALY-
SIS. Translated, with Notes and Additions, from the second
German Edition, by M. M. Pattison Muir, F.R.S.E. With
Illustrations. Crown 8vo. *}s. 6d.

FLOWER (W. H.)— AN INTRODUCTION TO THE OSTE-
OLOGY OF THE MAMMALIA. Being the substance of
the Course of Lectures delivered at the Royal College of
Surgeons of England in 1S70. Ey Professor W. H. Flower,
F. R. S ., F. R. C. S. With numerous Illustrations. New Edition,
enlarged. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d.

FOSTER AND BALFOUR— PRACTICAL EMBRYOLOGY.
By Michael Foster, M.A., F.R.S., and F. M. Balfour,
F.R.S. Second Edition, revised and enlarged.

[In preparation.

FOSTER and LAN OLE Y— A COURSE OF ELEMENTARY
PRACTICAL PHYSIOLOGY. By Michael Foster,
M.D., F.R.S., and J. N. Langlky, B.A. New Edition.
Crown 8vo. 6s.

HOOKER— THE STUDENT'S FLORA OF THE BRITISH
ISLANDS. By Sir J. D. Hooker, K.C.S.I., C.B., F.R.S.,
M.D., D.C.L. New Edition, revised. Globe Svo. ioj. 6d.

HUX LEY— PHYSIOGRAPHY. An Introduction to the Study of
Nature. By Professor Huxley, F.R.S. With numerous Illus-
trations, and Coloured Plate*. Third and Cheaper Edition.
Crown Svo. 6s.

HUXLEY *nd MARTIN— yf COURSE OF PRACTICAL
INSTRUCTION IN ELEMENTARY BIOLOGY. By
Professor Huxley, F.R.S., assisted by H. N. Martin, M.B.,
D.Sc New Edition, revised. Crown 8vo. 6s.

JEVONS— THE PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE. A Treatise
on Logic and Scientific Method. By Professor W. Stanley
Jevons, LL.D., M.A., F.R.S. New and Revised Edition,
Crown 8vo. 12s. 6d.

STUDIES IN DEDUCTIVE LOGIC. By Professor
W. Stanley Jevons, LL.D., M.A, F.R.S. Crown 8vo. 6s.

38 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE.

MANUALS FOR STUDENTS Continued—

KENNEDY — MECHANICS OF MACHINERY. By

A. is. W. Kennedy, M. Inst. C.E., Professor of Engineering

and Mechanical Technology in University College, London.

With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. [In the press.

KIEPERT— A MANUAL OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY.

From the German of Dr. H. Kiepert. Crown 8vo. $s-
OLIVER (Vroteuuor)— FIRST BOOR~OFINI)IAN BOTANY

By Professor Daniel Oliver, F.R.S., F.L.S., Keeper of

the Herbarium and Library of the Royal Gardens, Kew.

With numerous Illustrations. Extra fcap. 8vo. 6s. 6d.

PARKER—^ COURSE OF INSTRUCT/ON IN ZOOTOMY
(VERTEBRA TA). By T. Jeffrey Parker, B.Sc. Lond.
Professor of Biology in the University of Otago. With Illus-
trations. Crown 8vo. [In the press.

PARKER and BETTANY — THE MORPHOLOGY OF
THE SKULL. By Professor Parker and G. T. Bettany.
Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d.

ROBINSON— TREA TISE ON MARINE SURVEYING.
By Rev. John L. Robinson, Chaplain and Instructor in the
Royal Naval College, Greenwich. With Illustrations. Crown
8vo. [In the press.

SMITH, AHA.VI—THE WEALTH OF NATIONS. By
Adam Smith. Edited with Notes, &c, for the Use
Students, by W. Stanley Jevons, LL.D., M.A., F.R.S.
Crown 8vo. [In preparation.

TPlVT—AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON HEAT. By
Professor Tait, F.R.S.E. Illustrated. [In the press.

TYLOR— ANTHROPOLOGY. An Introduction to the Study of

Man and Civilisation. By E. B. Tylor, D.C.L., F.R.S.

With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 'js. 6d

Other volumes of these Manuals will follow.

SCIENTIFIC TEXT-BOOKS.
BfiLFCUR— A TREATISE ON COMPARATIVE EMBRY-
OLOGY. By F. M. Balfour, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow and
Lecturer of Trinity College, Cambridge. With Illustrations.
In 2 vols. 8vo. iSs. each.

SCIENCE. 33

SCIENTIFIC TEXT-BOOKS Continued—

BALL (R. S., A.M.)— EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS. A
Course of Lectures delivered at the Royal College of Science
for Ireland. By R. S. Ball, A.M., Professor of Applied
Mathematics and Mechanics in the Royal College of Science
for Ireland. Cheaper Issue. Royal 8vo. 10s. 6d.

BRUNTON — A TREATISE ON MATERIA MEDIC A.
ByT. Lauder Brunton, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo.

[In preparation.

CLAUSIUS— MECHANICAL THEORY OF HEAT. By R.
Clausius. Translated by Walter R. Browne, M.A., late
Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Crown 8vo. ior. 6d.

COTTERILL— A TREATISE ON APPLIED MECHAN-
ICS. By James Cotterill, M.A., F.R.S. , Professor of
Applied Mechanics at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich.
With Illustrations. 8vo. [In preparation.

DAN I ELL— A TREATISE ON PHYSICS FOR MEDICAL
STUDENTS. By Alfred Daniell. With Illustrations.
8vo. [In preparation.

FOSTER— A TEXTBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY. By Michael
Foster, M.D., F.R.S. With Illustrations. Third Edition,
revi-ed. 8vo. 21 s.

GAMGEE— A TEXT-BOOK OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL
CHEMISTRY OF THE ANIMAL BODY. Including an
account of the chemical changes occurring in Disease. By
A. Gamgee, M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Physiology in the
Victoria University the Owens College, Manchester. 2 Vols.
8vo. With Illustrations. Vol. I. i8j.

[Vol. II. in the press.

GEGENBAUR— ELEMENTS OF COMPARATIVE ANA-
TOMY. By Professor Carl Gegenbaur. A Translation by
F. Jeffrey Bell, B. A. Revised with Preface by Professor
E. Ray Lankester, F.R.S. With numerous Illustrations.
8vo. 21s.

EEIKI7B— TEXT-BOOK OF GEOLOGY. By ARCHIBALD
GEIKIE, F.R.S., Director-General of the Geological Survey.
With numerous Illustrations. 8vo. [In the press.

40 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE.

SCIENTIFIC TEXT-BOOKS Continued.

GRAY— STRUCTURAL BOTANY, OR ORGANOGRAPHY
ON THE BASIS OF MORPHOLOGY. To which are
added the principles of Taxonomy and Phytography, .and a
Glossary of Botanical Terms. By Professor Asa Gkay,
LL.D. 8vo. \os. 6d.

HAMILTON-^ TEXT-BOOK OF PATHOLOGY. By D.
T. Hamilton. 8vo. [/» preparation.

MULLEU — THE FERTILIZATION OF PLANTS BY
INSECTS. By Hermann Muller. Translated by W.
D'Arcy Thompson, with Preface by Charles Darwin.
8vo . [ In preparation .

NEWCOMB— POPULAR ASTRONOMY. By S. Newcomb,
LL.D., Professor U.S. Naval Observatory. With 112 Illus-
trations and 5 Maps of the Stars. 8vo. i8j.

• ' It is unlike anything else of its kind, and will be of more use in cir-
culating a knowledge of astronomy than nine-tenths of the books which
have appeared on the subject of late years. "Saturday Review.

UEULEAUX — THE KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY.
Outlines of a Theory of Machines. By Professor F. Rkulkaux.
Translated and Edited by Professor A. B. W. Kennedy,
CE, "With 450 niustrations. Medium 8vo 21s.

ROSCOE &nd BCnORT*EMMnR — INORGANIC CHEMIS-
TRY. A Complete Treatise on Inorganic Chemistry. By
Professor H. E. Roscoe, F.R.S., and Professor C. Schor.
lemmer, F.R.S. With numerous Illustrations. Medium 8vo,
Vol. I. — The Non-Metallic Elements. 21s. Vol. II. Parti.—
Metals. i8j. Vol. II. Part II.— Metals. 18s.
Vol. III.— ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Part. I.— THE
CHEMISTRY OF THE HYDROCARBONS ; and their
Derivatives or ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. With numerous
Illustration?. Medium Svo. 21s. {Part II. in the press.

sciiORLEMMER-/f MANUAL OF THE CHEMISTRY OF
THE CARBON COMPOUNDS, OR ORGANIC CHE-
MISTRY. By C. Schorlemmer, F.R.S., Professor of
Chemistry in the Victoria University, the Owens College,
Manchester. With Illustrations. 8vo. 14J.

SMITH— A DICTIONARY OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. By
John Smith. 8vo. [Just ready.

SCIENCE. 4»

SCIENTIFIC TEXT-BCOKS Continued—

THORPE AND RUCKER— A TREA TISE ON CHEMICAL
PHYSICS. By Professor Thorpe, F.R.S., and Professor
Rucker, of the Yorkshire College of Science. Illustrated.
8vo. [In preparation.

ZIEGLT5R— MACALISTBR— TEXT BOOK OF PA I HO-
LOGICAL ANATOMY. By Ernst Ziegler of Zurich.
Translated and Edited by Donald MacAlister, M.A.,
D.Sc, Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. 8vo.

[In preparation.

NATURE SERIES.

THE SPECTROSCOPE AND ITS APPLICATIONS. By
J. Norman Lockyer, F.R.S. With Coloured Plate and
numerous Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown Svo. 3*. 6d.

THE ORIGIN AND METAMORPHOSES OF INSECTS.
By Sir John Lubbock, M.P., F.R.S., D.C.L. With nume-
rous Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 3.?. 6d.

THE TRANSIT OF VENUS. By G. Forbes, M.A., Pro-
fessor of Natural Philosophy in the Andersonian University,
Glasgow. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 3.?. 6d.

THE COMMON FROG. By St. George Mivart, F.R.S.
Lecturer in Comparative Anatomy at St. Mary's Hospital,
With numerous Illustrations. Crown Svo. 35. 6d.

POLARISATION OF LIGHT. By W. Spottiswoode, P.R.S.,
With many Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 3/. 6d.

ON BRITISH WILD FLOWERS CONSIDERED IN RE-
LA TION TO INSECTS. By Sir John Lubbock, M.P.,
F.R.S. With numerous Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown
Svo. 4J. 6;/.

THE SCIENCE OF WEIGHING AND MEASURING, AND
THE STANDARDS OF MEASURE AND WEIGHT.
By H. W. Ckiskolm, Warden of the Standards. With
numerous Illustrations. Crown Svo. 4s. 6d.

HOW TO DRAW A STRAIGHT LINE : a Lecture on Link-
ages. By A. B. Kemje. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. it. 6d.

LIGHT: a Series of Simple, Entertaining, and Inexpensive Expe-
riments in the Phenomena of Light, for the Use of Students of
every age. By A. M. Mayer and C. Barnard. Crown 8vo,
with numerous Illustrations. 2s. 6d.

4« MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE.

NATURE SERIES Continued—

SOUND : a Series of Simple, Entertaining, and Inexpensive Ex-
periments in the Phenomena of Sound, for the use of Students
of every age. By A. M. Mayer, Professor of Physics in
the Stevens Institute of Technology, &c. With numerous
Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 3*. 6d.

SEEING AND THINKING. By Professor W. K. Clifford.
F.R.S. With Diagrams. Crown 8vo. 3*. 6d.

DEGENERATION. By Prof. E. Ray Lankester, F.R.S.
With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d.

FASHION IN DEFORMITY, as Illustrated in the Customs of
Barbarous and Civilised Races. By Prof. Flower. With
Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d.

ON THE COLOUR OF FLOWERS. By Grant Allen.
With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. [In preparation.

Other volumes to follow.
EASY LESSONS IN SCIENCE.
Edited by Prof. W. F. Barrett. Extra fcap. 8vo.

HEA T. By Miss C. A. Martineau. Illustrated. 2s. 6d.

LIGHT. By Mrs. Awdry. Illustrated. 2s. 6d.

ELECTRICITY. By Prof. W. F. Barrett. [In preparation.

SCIENCE LECTURES AT SOUTH
KENSINGTON.

VOL. I. Containing Lectures by Capt. Abney, Prof. Stokes,
Prof. Kennedy, F. G. Bramwell, Prof. G. Forbes, H. C.
Sorby, J. T. Bottomley, S. H. Vines, and Prof. Carey
Foster. Crown 8vo. 6s.

VOL. 11. Containing Lectures by W. Spottiswoode, P.R.S.,
Prof. Forbes, Prof. Pigot, Prof. Barrett, Dr. Burdon-
Sanderson, Dr. Lauder Brunton, F.R.S., Prof. Roscoe,
and others. Crown 8vo. 6s.

MANCHESTER SCIENCE LECTURES
FOR THE PEOPLE.

Eighth Series, 1876-7. Crown 8vo. Illustrated. 6d. each.
WHAT THE EARTH IS COMPOSED OF. By Professor

Roscoe, F.R.S.
THE SUCCESSION OF LIFE ON THE EARTH. By

Professor Williamson, F.R.S.
WHY THE EARTH'S CHEMISTRY IS AS IT IS. By
J. N. Lockyer, F.R.S.
Also complete in One Volume. Crown 8vo. cloth, is.

SCIENCE 43

ALEXANDER-^Z^Wf^^i? Y APPLIED MECHANICS;
being the simple and more practical Cases of Stress and Strain
wrought out individually from first principles by means of
Elementary Mathematics. ByT. Alexander, C.E., Professor
of Civil Engineering in the Imperial College of Engineering,
Tokei, Japan. Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d.

BETTANY.— FIRST LESSONS IN PRACTICAL BOTANY.
By G. T. Bettany, M.A., F.L.S., Lecturer in Botany at
Guy's Hospital Medical School. i8mo. is.

BLANFORD— THE RUDIMENTS OF PHYSICAL GEO-
GRAPHY FOR THE USE OF INDIAN SCHOOLS ; with
a Glossary of Technical Terms employed. By H. F. Blanford,
F.R.S. New Edition, with Illustrations. Globe 8vo. 2s. 6d.

EVERETT— UNITS AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS. By
J. D. Everett, F.R.S. , Professor of Natural Philosophy,
Queen's College, Belfast. Extra fcap. 8vo. 41. 6d.

GEIKIE.— OUTLINES OF FIELD GEOLOGY. By Prof.
Geikie, F.R.S. With Illustrations. Extra fcap. 8vo. $s. 6d.

ltAXTDAXS-nvl^BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS. By J. Landauer.
Authorised English Edition by J. Taylor and W. E. Kay, of
Owens College, Manchester. Extra fcap. 8vo. 4s. 6d.

MUIR— PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY FOR MEDICAL STU-
DENTS. Specially arranged for the first M.B. Course. By
M. M. Pattison Muir, F.R.S. E. Fcap. 8vo. is. 6d.

m>KENI>B.lCK—OUTLIArES OF PHYSIOLOGY IN ITS
RELATIONS TO MAN. By J. G. M'Kendrick, M.D.,
F.R.S.E. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 12s. &/.

miall— STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE ANATOMY.

No. I. — The Skull of the Crocodile : a Manual for Students.
By L. C. Miall, Professor of Biology in the Yorkshire College
and Curator of the Leeds Museum. 8vo. 2s. 6d.
No. IL — Anatomy of the Indian Elephant. By L. C. Miall
and F. Greenwood. With Illustrations. 8vo. $s.

SHANN— AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON HEAT, IN
RELATION TO STEAM AND THE STEAM-ENGINE.
By G. Shann, M.A. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d.

44 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE.

TANNER— FIRST PRINCIPLES OF A GRICUL TURE. By
H. Tanner, F.C.S., Professor of Agricultural Science,
University College, Aberystwith, &c. i8mo. is.
THE PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE: a Series of
Reading-Books for use in Elementary Schools. Prepared by
Professor Tanner. Extra fcap. 8vo.

I. The Alphabet of the Principles of Agriculture, 6d.
II. Further steps in the Principles of Agriculture, f*.

ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. Fcap.
8vo. y. 6d.
WRIGHT— METALS AND THEIR CHIEF INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATIONS. By C. Alder Wright, D.Sc, &c.
Lecturer on Chemistry in St Mary's Hospital Medical School.
Extra fcap. 8vo. y. 6d,

HISTORY,

ARNOLD— THE ROMAN SYSTEM OF PROVINCIAL
ADMINISTRATION TO THE ACCESSION OF CON-
STANTINE THE GREAT. By W. T. Arnold, B.A.
Crown 8vo. 6s.

"Ought to prove a valuable handbook to the student of Roman
history." — Guardian.

BEESLY— STORIES FROM THE HISTORY OF ROME.
By Mrs. Beesly. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d.

" The attempt appears to us in every way successful. The stories are
interesting in themselves, and are told with perfect simplicity and good
feeling. " — Daily News.

BROOK— FRENCH HISTOR YFOR ENGLISH CHILDREN-

By Sarah Brook. With Coloured Maps. Crown 8vo. 6s.
FREEMAN (EDWARD A.)— OLD-ENGLISH HISTORY.
By Edward A. Freeman, D.C.L., LL.D., late Fellow of
Trinity College, Oxford. With Five Coloured Maps. New
Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. half-bound. 6s.
GREEN— A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH
PEOPLE. By John Richard Green, M.A., LL.D. With
Coloured Maps, Genealogical Tables, and Chronological
Annals. Crown 8vo. Ss. 6d. Eightieth Thousand.

*' Stands alone as the one general history of the country, for the »a!ce
of which all others, if young and old are wise, will b« speedily and surely
set aside." — Academy.

HISTORY. 45

GREEN Continued —

READINGS FROM ENGLISH HISTORY. Selected
and Edited by John Richard Green, M.A., LL.D.,
Honorary Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. Three Parts.
Globe 8vo. is. 6d. each. I. Hengist to Cressy. II. Cressy
to Cromwell. III. Cromwell to Balaklava.

OUEST— LECTURES ON THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
By M. J. Guest. With Maps. Crown 8vo. 6s.

" It is not too much to assert that this is one of the very best class books
of English History for young students ever published." — Scotsman.

HISTORICAL COURSE FOR SCHOOLS — Edited by
Edward A. Freeman, D.C.L., late Fellow of Trinity
College, Oxford.

I. GENERAL SKETCH OF EUROPEAN HISTORY.
By Edward A. Freeman, D.C.L. New Edition, revised
and enlarged, with Chronological Table, Maps, and Index.
i8mo. cloth. 3 j. 6d.

" It supplies the gTeat want of a good foundation for historical teaching.
The scheme is an excellent one, and this instalment has been executed in
a way that promises much for the volumes that are yet to appear." —
Educational Timks.

II. HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By Edith Thompson.
New Edition, revised and enlarged, with Coloured Maps, i8mo.
2 j. 6d.

III. HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. By Margaret
Mac Arthur. New Edition. i8mo. 2s.

"An excellent summary, unimpeachable as to facts, and putting them
in the clearest and most impartial light attainable.'' — Guardian.

IV. HISTORY OF ITALY. By the Rev. W. Hunt, M.A.
i8mo. 3-r.

"It possesses the same solid merit as its predecessors .... the same
scrupulous care about fidelity in details. ... It is distinguished, too, by
information on art, architecture, and social poluu-s, in which the writer's
prasp is seen by the firmness and clearness of his touch" — Educational
Timks.

V. HISTORY OF GERMANY. By J. Simk, M.A.
l8rno. y.

"A remarkably clear and impressive history of Germany. Its great
events are wisely kept as central figures, and the smaller events are care-
fully kept, not only subordinate and subservient, but most skilfully woven
into the texture of the historical tapestry presented to the eye." —
Standard.

VI. HISTORY OF AMERICA. By John A. Doyle,
With Maps. i8mo. ^s. 6a.

" Mr. Doyle has performed his task with admirable care, fulness, and
clearness, and for the first time we have for schools an accurate and inter-
esting history of America, from the earliest to the present time."—
Standard.

46 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE.

HISTORICAL COURSE FOR SCHOOLS Continued—

EUROPEAN COLOMES. By E. J. Payne, M.A. With
Maps. i8mo. 4s. 6d.

"We have seldom met with an historian capable of forming a more
comprehensive, far-seeing, and unprejudiced estimate of events and
peoples, and we can commend this little work as one certain to prove of
the highest interest to all thoughtful readers." — Times.

FRANCE. By Charlotte M. Yonge. With Maps. i8mo.
3s. 6d.

"An admirable text-book for the lecture room." — Academy.

GREECE. By Edward A. Freeman, D.C.L.

[In preparation.

ROME. By Edward A. Freeman, D.C.L. {In the press.

HISTORY PRIMERS— Edited by JOHN RICHARD GREEN.
Author of " A Short History of the English People."
ROME. By the Rev. M. Creighton, M.A., late Fellow
and Tutor of Merton College, Oxford. With Eleven Maps.
i8mo. is.

"The author has been curiously successful in telling in an intelli-
gent way the story of Rome irom first to last." — School Board
Chronicle.

GREECE. By C. A. Fyffe, M.A., Fellow and late Tutor
of University College, Oxford. With Five Maps. i8mo. is.
"We give our unqualified praise to this little manual." — School-
master.

EUROPEAN HISTORY. By E. A. Freeman, D.C.L.,
LL.D. With Maps. iSmo. is.

"The work is always clear, and forms a luminous key to European
history."— School Board Chronicle.

GREER- ANTIQUITIES. By the Rev. J. P. Mahaffy,

M.A. Illustrated. l8mo. Is.

" All that is necessary for the scholar to know is told so compactly yet
so fully, and in a style so interesting, that it Is impossible for even the
dullest boy to look on this little work in the same light as he regards his
other school books." — Schoolmaster.

CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By H. F. Tozer, M.A,
i8mo. 1 j.

"Another valuable aid to the study of the ancient world. ... It
contains an enormous quantity of information packed into a small space,
and at the same time communicated in a very readable shape. " — John Bull.

GEOGRAPHY. By George Grove, D.C.L. With Maps.
l8mo. is.

"A model of what such a work should be .... we know of no short
treatise better suited to infuse life and spirit into the dull lists of proper
names of which our ordinary class-books so often almost exclusively
consist. "—Times.

HISTORY. 47

HISTORY PRIMERS Continued—

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. By Professor Wilkins. Illus-
trated. i8mo. is.

"A little book that throws a blaie of light on Roman History, and
is, moreover, intensely interesting." — School Board Chronicle.

FRANCE. By Charlotte M. Yonge. i8mo. is.

" May be considered a wonderfully successful piece of work Its

general merit as a vigorous and clear sketch, giving in a small space a
vivid idea of. the history of France, remains undeniable." — Saturday
Review.

In preparation : —

ENGLAND. By J. R. Green, M.A.

LETHBRIDGE— A SHORT MANUAL OF THE HISTORY
OF INDIA. With an Account of India as it is. The
Soil, Climate, and Productions ; the People, their Races,
Religions, Public Works, and Industries ; the Civil Service-,
and System of Administration. By Roper Lethbridge,
M.A., CLE., late Scholar of Exeter College, Oxford, formerly
Principal of Kishnaghur College, Bengal, Eellow and sometime
Examiner of the Calcutta University. With Maps. Crown
8vo. 5-r.

MICHELET— A SUMMARY OF MODERN HISTORY.
Translated from the French of M. Michelet, and continued to
the Present Time, by M. C. M. Simpson. Globe 8vo. 4*. 6i.

OTTE— SCANDINAVIAN HISTORY. By E. C. Otte.
With Maps. Globe 8vo. 6s.

FAVI.I—FICIURES OF OLD ENGLAND. By Dr. R.
Pauli. Translated with the sanction of the Author by
E. C. Otte. Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s.

RAMSAY— ,4 SCHOOL HISTORY OF ROME. By G. G.
Ramsay, M.A., Professor of Humanity in the University of
Glasgow. With Maps. Crown 8vo. [In preparation.

TAIT— A NAL YSIS OF ENGLISH HIS TOR Y, based on Green's
"Short History of the English People." By C. W. A. Tait,
• M.A., Assistant-Master, Clifton College. Crown Svo. 3*. 6d.

WHEELER— A SHORT HISTORY OF INDIA AND OF
THE FRONTIER STATES OF AFGHANISTAN,
NEPAUL, AND BURMA. By J. Talboys Wheeler.
With Maps. Crown 8vo. lis.

" It is the best book of the kind we have ever seen, and we recommend
it to a place in every school library." — Educational Times.

48 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE.

YONGE (CHARLOTTE VI.)— A PARALLEL HISTOR Y OP
FRANCE AND ENGLAND : consisting of Outlines and
Dates. By Charlotte M. Yonge, Author of " The Heir
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